Abstract
Mastitis caused by bacterial infection has negative impacts on milk quality and animal health, and ultimately causes economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Gram-negative bacteria and their component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can trigger the inflammatory response of endothelial cells (ECs) and subsequently promote EC dysfunction or injury, which is a critical pathogenesis of mastitis-causing sepsis shock. To control the bacterial infection and to minimise the LPS negative effects on ECs, we thus aimed to identify the potential herb extracts that comprised antibacterial activity and protective ability to inhibit LPS-induced cell death. Extracts from seven types of herbs derived from antibacterial screening were investigated for their protective effects on LPS-stimulated bovine endothelial cell line. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (C. nutans) extract appeared to be the most effective antiapoptotic extract against LPS stimulation. Treatment of C. nutans extract in LPS-stimulated cells significantly lowered apoptotic cell death through modulating pro-survival Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax expression. The investigation of bioactive compounds using solvent fractionation, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed glyceryl 1,3-disterate (C39H76O5), kaempferol 3-O-feruloyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside (C43H48O24), and hydroxypthioceranic acid (C46H92O3) as the candidate components. Our findings indicated that C. nutans extract has great potential to be further developed as an alternative therapeutic agent for mastitis treatment.
Highlights
Mastitis is a prevalent disease in dairy cows that has a negative economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide
Mastitis caused by bacterial infection results in a variety of clinical symptoms in dairy cows
Mastitis caused by bacterial infection results in a variety of clinical symptoms in dairy cows including endothelial cells (ECs) injury and death [4,5]
Summary
Mastitis is a prevalent disease in dairy cows that has a negative economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide. The majority of cases of bovine mastitis are caused by bacterial infection of the udder It is considered one of the most serious diseases as it causes a reduction of milk production during the mammary gland injury, increases veterinary costs, increases the chance of contamination of antibiotic residues in milk, and occasionally causes deaths of dairy cows [1]. Bacteria causing bovine mastitis can be classified into two categories of contagious and environmental pathogens Contagious pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp., and Corynebacterium bovis, can transmit among dairy cows during the lactation period. Environmental pathogens, such as Antibiotics 2020, 9, 429; doi:10.3390/antibiotics9070429 www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics
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