Antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacy of Pleurotus platypus methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus through ROS generation and cell membrane disruption

Abstract

Multi-drug resistance is recognized as a significant worldwide public health concern in the current century. Biofilm formation further exacerbates bacterial resistance to antibacterial medications, host immunological responses, and phagocytosis, resulting in long-lasting chronic illnesses. Investigating natural resources is a very potent approach for developing alternative anti-infective medications to effectively control multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. In this study, a unique mushroom species namely Pleurotus platypus had been discovered from the Terai-Duars region of West Bengal, India. The myco-chemical profiling and preliminary chemical analysis of Pleurotus platypus methanolic extract determined the significant presence of metabolites belonging to several major chemical classes such as flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid, polyphenol, benzoic acids, coumarin, flavone etc. Most intriguingly, the extract possessed effective antibacterial, antibiofilm and antivirulence properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most notable drug-resistant opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. Mechanistically, the mushroom extract enhanced the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) inside the targeted bacteria, causing alterations in membrane potential, damage to the cellular membrane and further release of intracellular DNA, destined to cell death. Moreover, the methanolic extract reported the eradication of pre-existing biofilms from the urinary catheter surface, hinting towards its future application in the related field. To summarize, Pleurotus platypus methanolic extract could be an excellent alternative antibacterial and antibiofilm therapeutic candidate for the effective management of Staphylococcus infections with improved outcome.