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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of about 60% of people worldwide. The search for new drugs with activity against H. pylori is now a hotspot in the effective and safe control of this bacterium. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts from selected plants of the Papaveraceae family against planktonic and biofilm forms of the multidrug-resistant clinical strain of H. pylori using a broad spectrum of analytical in vitro methods. It was revealed that among the tested extracts, those obtained from Corydalis cheilanthifolia and Chelidonium majus were the most active, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 64 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL, respectively. High concentrations of both extracts showed cytotoxicity against cell lines of human hepatic origin. Therefore, we attempted to lower their MICs through the use of a synergistic combination with synthetic antimicrobials as well as by applying cellulose as a drug carrier. Using checkerboard assays, we determined that both extracts presented synergistic interactions with amoxicillin (AMX) and 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) (FICI = 0.5) and additive relationships with sertraline (SER) (FICI = 0.75). The antibiofilm activity of extracts and their combinations with AMX, 3-BP, or SER, was analyzed by two methods, i.e., the microcapillary overgrowth under flow conditions (the Bioflux system) and assessment of the viability of lawn biofilms after exposure to drugs released from bacterial cellulose (BC) carriers. Using both methods, we observed a several-fold decrease in the level of H. pylori biofilm, indicating the ability of the tested compounds to eradicate the microbial biofilm. The obtained results indicate that application of plant-derived extracts from the Papaveraceae family combined with synthetic antimicrobials, absorbed into organic BC carrier, may be considered a promising way of fighting biofilm-forming H. pylori.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of about 60% of people worldwide [1,2]
Based on a review of the literature and our previous results showing the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from the Papaveraceae family [18,19,20,21], in the present research article we decided to verify this activity against H. pylori because such analyses were not performed in this respect so far
In the first stage of our research, we decided to check the antibacterial activity of selected extracts from aerial and underground parts of Papaveraceae plants against H. pylori by determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (Table 1)
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of about 60% of people worldwide [1,2]. Soon after the discovery of H. pylori in the 1980s, a high sensitivity of this bacterium to most of the classically used antibiotics was revealed [4] This favorable phenomenon was rapidly changed due to observed worldwide, growing antibiotic resistance. The latest data on H. pylori antibiotic resistance in Europe showed that the level of primary resistance of this bacterium was 21.8% for clarithromycin (CLR), 15.8% for levofloxacin (LEV), and 38.9% for metronidazole (MTZ) [5]. The results of this European study are consistent with both world-level [6] and national-level data published by our team [7]. Attention should be paid to the maintenance of an appropriate degree of H. pylori eradication and development of alternative, effective methods for combating this pathogen [8,9,10]
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