Abstract
Considering the significance of biological and eco-friendly nanomaterials, in the present study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles from the exopolysaccharide of recently recovered bacterial strain CEES51 from the Red Sea coastal area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the isolated bacteria, and it was identified as Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens and assigned an accession number MH707257.1 GenBank. The bacterial strain is an excellent exopolysaccharide producer and survived at hypersaline (30%) and high-temperature (50°C) conditions. The bacterial exopolysaccharides were employed for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. UV-visible spectrophotometer optimized the synthesized nanoparticles, and their size was determined by Nanophox particle size analyzer and dynamic light scattering. Additionally, the X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies also approved its crystalline nature and the involvement of organic functional groups in their formation. The synthesized nanomaterials were tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial property showed time, and dose-dependent response with a maximum of zone inhibition was observed at around 22 and 18 mm at a dose of 50 µg/well against B. subtilis and S. aureus and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 and 10 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized silver nanoparticles possessed a substantial antibiofilm property and were also found to be biocompatible as depicted by red blood cell lysis assay and their interaction with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Therefore, Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens is found to be an excellent source for exopolysaccharide synthesis that assists in the silver nanoparticle production.
Highlights
The occurrence of drug resistance in microbial pathogens and the failure of traditional and conventional medication systems lead to severe health issues worldwide
The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was completed with selected bacterial strains, and their identity was searched according to sequence maximum likelihood by using basic local alignment search tool analysis
Molecular identification of CEES51 strain was based on 16S rRNA gene sequence; it was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and assigned an accession number MH707257.1
Summary
The occurrence of drug resistance in microbial pathogens and the failure of traditional and conventional medication systems lead to severe health issues worldwide. The most important problem with a chemical antimicrobial agent is the expiry and easy development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Since bacteria have progressive drug resistance developments after many generations, antibiotics have become less effective for therapy and limited application in prophylaxis in antimicrobial facilities. Worldwide researchers have focused on variable kind of nanomaterial synthesis and there use as an antimicrobial agent to control infectious diseases and biofilm establishment (Huh and Kwon, 2011). Green nanotechnology proactively influences the designing of nanomaterials and eliminates/ minimizes the pollution caused as a result of their production. It is built based on the principles of green chemistry/engineering and focuses on synthesizing nanoscale materials. Previous marine organisms like Alteromonas macleodii (Mehta et al, 2014), Yarrowia lipolytica (Apte et al, 2013), Ochrobactrum sp. (Apte et al, 2013), Streptomyces albidoflavus (Prakasham et al, 2012), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ramalingam et al, 2014), and Stenotrophomonas sp. (Malhotra et al, 2013), Sargassum cinereum (Malhotra et al, 2013) has been exploited for the synthesis of biogenic nanomaterials
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