Abstract
Bacterial infections represent a very serious problem that threatens human health, antibiotics were designed to attack the causative agents of infectious diseases, but some bacterial pathogens became virulent and resistant to antibiotics by different mechanisms, resistance genes represented one of those mechanisms. This study attempts to screen the existence of five different resistance genes (mecA, TEM, FemA, MexD, and AmpC) among 25 bacterial isolates divided into two groups the first was non-clinical bacterial type strains including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and the other group includes some clinical bacterial isolates. Evaluation of their susceptibilities to different 12 antibiotic discs and attempting to find the relationship between genotype and phenotype assessment. Different responses were reported which varied from slightly susceptible to multidrug-resistant such as P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia which could be considered as multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, detection of resistance gene became crucial and critical to recognize the mechanism of resistance, five pairs of primers were included to investigate five responsible genes belonging to beta-lactamases, efflux pump, and methicillin resistance. Conclusively, the PCR technique is a very accurate tool to check the genetic resistance whether being expressed to phenotype or not. Moreover, the clinical bacterial isolates appeared more resistant that reflecting the impact of the surrounding environment on bacterial behavior.
Highlights
The effects of pathogenic microbes extend to include several sectors such as human and animal health, agriculture, post harvested crops,[1] and economics worldwide.[2,3] Bacteria extensively affected public health causing infectious diseases for any part of the body it has a large impact on morbidity and mortality among human beings, bacteria are conveyed to human beings through the air, food, water, or other alive vectors.[4]
This study attempts to screen the existence of five different resistance genes among 25 bacterial isolates divided into two groups the first was non-clinical bacterial type strains including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and the other group includes some clinical bacterial isolates
This finding is in agreement with[23] who reported that several bacteria isolates were detected in sputum specimens from asthmatic patients such as A. xylosoxidans, B. catarrhalis, Coliform, H. influenzae, K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, M. catarrhalis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. maltophilia
Summary
The effects of pathogenic microbes extend to include several sectors such as human and animal health, agriculture, post harvested crops,[1] and economics worldwide.[2,3] Bacteria extensively affected public health causing infectious diseases for any part of the body it has a large impact on morbidity and mortality among human beings, bacteria are conveyed to human beings through the air, food, water, or other alive vectors.[4]. The external environment outside the living host is designated as the non-clinical environment.[5] Persisters are typical phenotypic forms of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics that are genetically indistinguishable from the other members of the bacterial population. Some precautions should be followed to minimize the phenomenon of antibacterial resistance through following the instructions of physicians, as well physicians should prescribe the suitable antibiotic after the recommendation of susceptibility report.[7] The problem of antimicrobial resistance has been recognized due to many reasons such as the misuse of the antimicrobial agents in addition to unavailability of newer drugs associated with crucial regulatory requirements and reduced financial inducements.[8] there is a crucial need to synthesize new effective antibiotics (in particular those belonging to the natural origin) that improve human health to different degrees, and subsequently, the economic development is indirectly influenced in different levels.[9]
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