Abstract
Bacteria mediated infections may cause various acute or chronic illnesses and antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become a serious health problem around the world due to their excessive use or misuse. Replacement of existing antibacterial agents with a novel and efficient alternative is the immediate demand to alleviate this problem. Graphene-based materials have been exquisitely studied because of their remarkable bactericidal activity on a wide range of bacteria. Graphene-based materials provide advantages of easy preparation, renewable, unique catalytic properties, and exceptional physical properties such as a large specific surface area and mechanical strength. However, several queries related to the mechanism of action, significance of size and composition toward bacterial activity, toxicity criteria, and other issues are needed to be addressed. This review summarizes the recent efforts that have been made so far toward the development of graphene-based antibacterial materials to face current challenges to combat against the bacterial targets. This review describes the inherent antibacterial activity of graphene-family and recent advances that have been made on graphene-based antibacterial materials covering the functionalization with silver nanoparticles, other metal ions/oxides nanoparticles, polymers, antibiotics, and enzymes along with their multicomponent functionalization. Furthermore, the review describes the biosafety of the graphene-based antibacterial materials. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable current insight and excite new ideas for the further development of safe and efficient graphene-based antibacterial materials.
Highlights
The rapid increase in bacteria mediated infectious diseases has been one of the most potential threats to human health and the cause of distressing millions of people around the world [1]
The antibacterial materials are generally assessed against the typical group of the pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) Vibrio harveyi (V. harveyi), and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which are the main cause for several human infections and are serious threats to health [3,4]
The antibacterial efficiency of chitosan chloride-GO (CSCl@GO)/QS filter media was above 90% even after backwashing three times, which suggests that nanocomposites can be applied as a promising antibacterial and anti-biofilm coating material to control the spreading of C. jejuni
Summary
The rapid increase in bacteria mediated infectious diseases has been one of the most potential threats to human health and the cause of distressing millions of people around the world [1]. The antibacterial materials are generally assessed against the typical group of the pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) Vibrio harveyi (V. harveyi), and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which are the main cause for several human infections and are serious threats to health [3,4] Antibacterial materials such as metal ions/oxides [5], antibiotics [6], quaternary ammonium compounds [7], and antimicrobial peptides [8] have been used for the treatment of bacterial infections but suffering from several issues. IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, tthhee bbiioossaaffeettyy ooff ggrraapphheennee--bbaasseedd aannttiibbaacctteerriiaall mmaatteerriiaallss hhaass aallssoo bbeeeenn ddiissccuusssseedd
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