Antibacterial Potential of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq) Willd Fruit against Aeromonas spp. of Aquaculture Importance.

Lenin Rangel-López,Agustín Olmedo-Juárez,Vicente Vega-Sánchez,Nallely Rivero-Perez,Mohamed A Nassan,Lucía Delgadillo-Ruiz,Sawako Hori-Oshima,Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida,Benjamín Valladares-Carranza,Gaber El-Saber Batiha

doi:10.3390/ani12040511

Abstract

Simple SummaryAquaculture remains an important source of food, however, aquaculture systems are affected by different factors including the appearance of resistant or multiresistant bacteria to antimicrobials. An alternative in the search for new treatments for these bacteria is plant extracts. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria fruit hydroalcoholic extract and gallic acid over Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas dhakensis to identify new molecules for the treatment of diseases caused by Aeromona spp. The hydroalcoholic extract of Caesalpinia coriaria and its fractions have antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas dhakensis and could be alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by the genus Aeromonas.Aquaculture is an important source of food and livelihood for hundreds of millions of people around the world, however, aquaculture systems are affected by different factors, among them the appearance of resistant or multiresistant bacteria to antimicrobials. The secondary metabolites of plants have been proposed as alternatives for the treatment of these bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria fruit hydroalcoholic extract and gallic acid over Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas dhakensis to identify new molecules for the treatment of diseases caused by Aeromonas spp. The C. coriaria fruit hydroalcoholic extract (HECc) was obtained by hydroalcoholic maceration and subjected to bipartition with ethyl acetate and water to obtain an aqueous fraction (Ac-FrCc) and an organic fraction (Ac-FrEtCc); gallic acid was purchased commercially. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), MBC/MIC ratio, and cytotoxicity of HECc, its fractions, and gallic acid were determined. The results indicate that HECc fractions (Ac-FrCc and Ac-FrEtCc) and gallic acid have bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis, but only gallic acid showed bactericidal activity against A. veronii. The HECc and Ac-FrCc showed no toxicity, Ac-FrEtCc showed low toxicity, and gallic acid showed medium toxicity. The HECc, Ac-FrCc, and Ac-FrEtCc may be alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by the genus Aeromonas, however, in vivo assays are necessary to corroborate these results.

Highlights

Aquaculture is an agricultural activity that generates 82 million tons of fish and seafood worldwide [1]
The results obtained for the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)/Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ratio of hydroalcoholic extract of C. coriaria (HECc), Ac-FrEtCc, Ac-FrCc, and gallic acid determined that the activities against A. hydrophila were bactericidal
The results of this study indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the fruit of C. coriaria contains secondary metabolites with antibacterial potential against A

Summary

Introduction

Aquaculture is an agricultural activity that generates 82 million tons of fish and seafood worldwide [1]. In 2018, Mexico produced 395,000 tons of aquaculture products, the main species cultivated being tilapia and trout [2]. Aquaculture has achieved fish cultures in high density, a situation that makes aquatic organisms more sensitive to pathogens [3], such as bacteria, which limit the production [4], causing serious health problems associated with the low expression of productive parameters in aquatic organisms and economic losses to producers [5]. To prevent or treat diseases of bacterial origin in aquaculture, antimicrobials from veterinary medicine are used. These have been incorrectly used as feed additives and growth promoters in some production systems [6]. The most used antimicrobials in aquaculture are enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and florfenicol [7]; the latter was authorized by the FDA (U.S Food and Drug Administration) in 2005 for use in aquaculture [8]

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