Abstract
BackgroundThis study investigated the antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans and fluoride release of a conventional glass ionomer (GI) contained natural and chemical agents.Material and MethodsTwo hundred and ten GI specimens were divided into ten groups (n=21) according to the concentrations of the additives as; Propolis extract containing GI (Groups 1, 2, 3) with concentrations of 0.25%, 0.75% and 1.25% respectively, Miswak extract containing GI (Groups 4, 5, 6) and Chlorhexidine containing GI (Groups 7, 8, 9) with the same concentrations. The prepared specimens were subjected to antimicrobial activity by well diffusion, bacterial adherence, and fluoride release (from 2 to 72 hours) assessments.ResultsA higher statistically significant antibacterial activity was found in (Groups 2, 3) compared to (Groups 8, 9), while (Groups 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10) no antibacterial efficacy was reported. For (Groups 2, 3) had a higher statistically significant anti-adherence effect compared to the other tested groups. Enhanced ascending increase in fluoride release was observed for (Groups 3, 4) compared to (GI).ConclusionsThe increased concentration of propolis extract had a synergistic effect on the antimicrobial activity of the tested GI. Additive concentrations of 0.25% Miswak and 1.25% propolis could enhance the fluoride-releasing ability of the tested GI. Key words:Propolis, miswak, chlorhexidine, glass ionomer, fluoride.
Highlights
Despite the wide distribution of fluoride application especially in developed countries, dental caries remains one of the chronic diseases prevalent in humans worldwide [1,2,3]
The size of inhibition zones of glass ionomer (GI) containing propolis were obviously dependent on the three different concentrations (0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.25%) of Propolis where (P≤0.001).The highest statistically significant mean value was found in (G3 1.25%) (32.60 ± 2.22) compared to (G2 0.75%) (23.30 ± 4.45) and CHX per se (25.80±1.23), while in (G1 0.25%), it did not exhibit any antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans as well as the three concentrations of GI containing Miswak in (G4 0.25%), (G5 0.75%) and (G6 1.25%)
With regard to previously mentioned knowledge, three remarkable antimicrobial agents; chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), ethanolic extract of Propolis (EEP), and aqueous Miswak extract were selected for this in-vitro study in the form of three different concentrations and incorporated into conventional GI restorative material
Summary
Despite the wide distribution of fluoride application especially in developed countries, dental caries remains one of the chronic diseases prevalent in humans worldwide [1,2,3]. Some of dental literatures proved the increased antibacterial effect of CHX containing GI materials [10, 11]. Little investigations on the antibacterial efficacy of propolis using different concentrations were assessed against oral bacteria [14,15]. It is interesting to incorporate different concentrations of CHX, Ethanolic Propolis Extract and Aqueous Miswak Extract separately into GI to investigate; [1] their inhibitory activity and anti-adherence influence on Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and [2] their effect on the fluoride release comparing to GIC per se. This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans and fluoride release of a conventional glass ionomer (GI) contained natural and chemical agents. Additive concentrations of 0.25% Miswak and 1.25% propolis could enhance the fluoride-releasing ability of the tested GI
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