Abstract
BackgroundTo extract, purify, and identify the effective constituents of aqueous extract of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, and analyze the bactericidal effects of total tannins.MethodsPreparative thin layer chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate and purify the total tannin fraction. 1H- and 13C- NMR spectroscopy were used to elucidate compound structures. The antibacterial activities of total tannins and ethyl gallate on Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were determined through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays. Their antibacterial mechanisms of action were explored by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsFive compounds were isolated: ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, arjugenin, β-sitosterol, and tri-n-butyl chebulate. Tri-n-butyl chebulate is a newly-reported compound. Total tannins and ethyl gallate both had favorable bactericidal effects against KP and SA.ConclusionIn vivo and in vitro pharmacodynamic experiment demonstrated that the effective components of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus possessed significant antibacterial effects, and were nontoxic and safe.Trial registrationNo results of a health care intervention on human participants
Highlights
To extract, purify, and identify the effective constituents of aqueous extract of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, and analyze the bactericidal effects of total tannins
The inhibitory effect was especially prominent in the total tannin crude product against Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP)
Results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of total tannins, ethyl gallate, and tri-n-butyl chebulate against KP MIC and MBC of ethyl gallate were both lower than those of total tannins, which indicates that ethyl gallate has antibacterial activity
Summary
Purify, and identify the effective constituents of aqueous extract of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, and analyze the bactericidal effects of total tannins. Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, known as Zangqingguo, is the immature fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. The mature fruit Fructus Chebulae, known as Helile, was originally recorded in the “Synopsis of Golden Chamber.”. Nonlignified young fruits of Terminalia chebula are harvested, boiled in water for 2–3 min, and dried to yield Fructus Chebulae Immaturus. Fructus Chebulae Immaturus can clear heat, promote fluid generation, detoxify, and treat diarrhea. The fruits are used to treat laryngitis, bacillary dysentery, and tonsillitis. According to the “National Herbal Compendium,” it can treat diarrhea, arrest bleeding, restrain lungs, resolve phlegm, and is used in the treatment of chronic enteritis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic laryngitis, ulcers, hemafecia, and rectocele [1]
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