Abstract
Biomedical devices have become essential in the health care. Every day, an enormous number of these devices are used or implanted in humans. In this context, the bacterial contamination that could be developed in implanted devices is critical since it is estimated that infections kill more people than other medical causes. Commonly, these infections are treated with antibiotics, but the biofilm formation on implant surfaces could significantly reduce the effectiveness of these antibiotics since bacteria inside the biofilm is protected from the drug. In some cases, a complete removal of the implant is necessary in order to overcome the infection. In this context, antibacterial coatings are considered an excellent strategy to avoid biofilm formation and, therefore, mitigate the derived complications. In this review, the main biomaterials used in biomedical devices, the mechanism of biofilm formation, and the main strategies for the development of antibacterial coatings, are reviewed. Finally, the main polymer-based strategies to develop antibacterial coatings are summarized, with the aim of these coatings being to avoid the bacteria proliferation by controlling the antibacterial mechanisms involved and enhancing long-term stability.
Highlights
Ever-increasing clinical demand, added to the advances in science and technology, have raised interest in new biomaterials for implants and medical devices [1]
After analyzing the main biomaterials used in biomedical devices, the biofilm formation including the description of the different paths involved in this process are described in this review
A bacterial bebe caused by contamination during implantation when when a medical device bacterialinfection infectioncan can caused by contamination during implantation a medical carrying externalexternal microorganisms is implanted into the into body
Summary
Ever-increasing clinical demand, added to the advances in science and technology, have raised interest in new biomaterials for implants and medical devices [1]. Biomedical devices are essential for the health of a large part of the world’s population. Implants are used every day in several medic disciplines such as dentistry, orthopedics, urology and several surgical specialties (neuro, cardiovascular surgery etc.), among others. The materials used in the fabrication of biomedical devices could be of a different nature depending on the specific requirement that should fulfil, in the Table 1 are summarized some of the most common implants [2,3,4]. Knee and hip Stainless steel, titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys, polyethylene, ceramics [13,14]
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