Abstract
BackgroundCancer causes leading death in the world population due to exposure of various carcinogenic/mutagenic agents, radiation and life style. There are 2.6 million new cases diagnosed each year. Therefore, the objective is aimed to study the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of solvent fractions of ethanolic extract of T. conoides and its anticancer activity also evaluated by analyzing cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cell line.MethodsAntibacterial activity was done by disc diffusion method and expressed as in millimeter diameter of zone inhibition. Antioxidant activity was done by ABTS radical assay, superoxide radical assay, iron chelation and uric acid formation inhibitory assays. The cytotoxicity efficacy was estimated using MTT assay. Annexin-V FITC kit was used to estimate the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by flowcytometer. Morphological changes of cell through alteration of nuclear content and mitochondrial membrane potential were also examined using Hoechst and JC1 stains under fluorescence microscopy, respectively.ResultsHighest antibacterial activity, TAA and RAA were found in EAF followed by DMF, HF and AF. Cytotoxicity of EAF was found to be 67% at 24 h and 83% at 48 h over the standard of quercetin (86% at 48 h). The cancer cells were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the proliferative G0/G1 phase where as significantly decreased in the S phase. Hence, treatment with T. conoides fraction showed statistically (p < 0.05) significant increase of apoptotic cells than that of quercetin standard (32%, 80 μg/mL). The apoptotic cell formation might be due to the change of nuclear content and mitochondrial membrane potential were further confirmed in HepG2 cells under fluorescence microscopy.ConclusionEthyl acetate fraction of T. conoides showed highest antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity through exhibiting synergistic effects over the respective standard compounds.
Highlights
Cancer causes leading death in the world population due to exposure of various carcinogenic/mutagenic agents, radiation and life style
The results revealed that antioxidant activities of Ethyl acetate (EAF) were observed to be concentration dependent
Many reports revealed that the T. conoides exhibited antibacterial and antioxidant activities against different expediency methods
Summary
Cancer causes leading death in the world population due to exposure of various carcinogenic/mutagenic agents, radiation and life style. It has traditionally been used for children’s fever, as a fertilizer, Ponnan et al Clinical Phytoscience (2017) 3:5 insect repellent, pesticide and antibacterialcidal [6] Phytochemicals such as steroids, phenolics, flavonoids, reducing sugars, fucosterol, sulfated polysaccharides including fucoidan, neutral glucan, guluronic and alginic acid were reported to be presence in T. conoides [7]. Cyclohexane extract was possessed a broad array of antibacterial activity and exhibited remarkable antifungal property over the other extracts [6] Turbinaria spp such as T. conoides and T. ornata collected from Gulf of Mannar of Southeastern coast of India were reported to possess antioxidant activity in ethyl acetate fractions due to the presence of total phenolic contents [11]. Natural antioxidants are considered as a safe ingredient in medicine, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and cosmetics preparation with the objective of improving consumer health, reducing the effects of harmful diseases and other broader aspects of immune functions [13]
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