Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities of Piper betle leaf extract against Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Pawinee Kulnanan,Maria De Lourdes Pereira,Warangkana Kitpipit,Watcharapong Mitsuwan,Suthinee Sangkanu,Nannaphat Manin,Julalak Chuprom,Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij,Veeranoot Nissapatorn,Polrat Wilairatana,Chonticha Romyasamit

doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02701-z

Abstract

Piper betle leaves have traditionally been used to treat many diseases, including bacterial infections. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities of P. betle extract against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The ethanol extract of P. betle leaves demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of APEC with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.5 to 1.0mg/mL as compared with 1% DMSO, a negative control. Disruption and breakdown of the bacterial cells were detected when the cells were challenged with the extract at 2 × MIC. Bacterial cells treated with the extract demonstrated longer cells without a septum, compared to the control. The extract at 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 × MIC significantly inhibited the formation of the bacterial biofilm of all the tested isolates except the isolate CH10 (P < 0.05) without inhibiting growth. At 1/2 × MIC, 55% of the biofilm inhibition was detected in APEC CH09, a strong biofilm producer. At 32 × MIC, 88% of the inhibition of viable cells embedded in the mature biofilm was detected in APEC CH09. Reduction in the bacterial adhesion to surfaces was shown when APEC were treated with sub-MICs of the extract as observed by SEM. Hydroxychavicol was found to be the major compound presented in the leaf extract as detected by GC-MS analysis. The information suggested potential medicinal benefits of P. betle extract to inhibit the growth, biofilm, and adhesion of avian pathogenic E. coli.

Highlights

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium that can be found in the intestinal tract in humans and various species of animals
extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) pathotypes are classified into uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), septicemia-associated E. coli (SEPEC), neonatal meningitis causing E. coli (NMEC), and Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) that lead to urinary tract infections (UTIs), septicemia, neonatal meningitis, and colibacillosis in poultry, respectively (Meena et al 2021)
It was noted that the bacterial cells treated with the extract demonstrated longer cells without septum when compared to the control

Summary

Introduction

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium that can be found in the intestinal tract in humans and various species of animals. The pathogen is the cause of enteric diseases, such as diarrhea or dysentery (Gomes et al 2016), referred to diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains. Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) represents an emerging pandemic strains that plays roles in infections outside the intestinal tract, such as the urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and meningitis (Cunha et al 2017). ExPEC pathotypes are classified into uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), septicemia-associated E. coli (SEPEC), neonatal meningitis causing E. coli (NMEC), and Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) that lead to UTIs, septicemia, neonatal meningitis, and colibacillosis in poultry, respectively (Meena et al 2021). Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is an important pathogen that causes economic losses in poultry production worldwide. Poultry can act as a cause of APEC infections in humans. APEC becomes an important pathogen for the poultry industry and public health worldwide

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