Abstract
Antibacterial and osteogenic functionalization of titanium (Ti) implants will greatly expand their clinical indications in immediate implant therapy, accelerate osteointegration, and enhance long-term prognosis. We had recently shown that the high-energy shot peening (HESP)-assisted micro-arc oxidation (MAO) significantly improved the bioactivity and coating stability of Ti-based substrates. In this study, we further functionalized Ti with antibacterial and osteogenic properties by doping silicon (Si) and/or copper (Cu) ions into HESP/MAO-treated coatings. Physicochemical characterization displayed that the doping of Si and Cu in HESP/MAO-treated coatings (Si/Cu-MAO) did not significantly change their surface topography, roughness, crystal structure, coating thickness, bonding strength, and wettability. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that Si and Cu in the Si/Cu-MAO coating was in the form of silicate radical (SiO32–) and bivalent copper (Cu2+), respectively. The total amounts of Si and Cu were about 13.5 and 5.8 μg/cm2, which released about 33.2 and 31.3% within 14 day, respectively. Compared with the control group (MAO), Si doping samples (MAO-Si) significantly increased the cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization and osteogenic genes (ALP, collagen I and osteocalcin) expression of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, the addition of Cu presented good bactericidal property against both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans (even under the co-culture condition of bacteria and MC3T3-E1 cells): the bacteriostatic rate of both bacteria was over 95%. In conclusion, the novel bioactive Si/Cu-MAO coating with antibacterial and osteogenic properties is a promising functionalization method for orthopedic and dental implants, especially in the immediate implant treatment with an infected socket.
Highlights
Compared with conventional implantation, immediate implant surgery has been widely used in the restoration of tooth loss due to its advantages of fewer surgical procedures, shorter treatment time and better appearance
Since the main reason for adding Cu2+ was to endow titanium with excellent antibacterial properties, Si/Cu2 with similar bioactivity to Si-micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was selected for follow-up studies
This further showed that Si/Cu-MAO could inhibit the early adhesion and proliferation of S. aureus and S. mutans, which was confirmed by the above results of bacteriostasis rate (Figures 4A, 5)
Summary
Immediate implant surgery has been widely used in the restoration of tooth loss due to its advantages of fewer surgical procedures, shorter treatment time and better appearance. Compared with oral and intravenous antimicrobial agents, a local antibacterial coating on the surface of implants is more preferred by researchers. These locally drug-releasing coatings can allow for low-dose and long-lasting drug therapy, and prevent side effects of the drug on normal tissues or organs (Maher et al, 2018). The active antibacterial agents commonly used in the treatment of Ti-based implants include antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and metal ions (Liu et al, 2017; Ghosh et al, 2019; Shen et al, 2019a). Long-term antibiotics usage may induce drug-resistant bacteria, antimicrobial peptides are relatively expensive, so the metal ions-rich antibacterial coatings provide a more extensive application prospect. The spreading, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on Si/Cuadded samples were studied in detail
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