Abstract
The nanotubular surface of titanium implants is known to have superior osteogenic activity but is also vulnerable to failure because of induced bacterial attachment and consequent secondary infection. Here, the problem was attempted to be solved by depositing nanosized tetracycline (TC)-loaded particles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) on titania nanotubes (TNTs) using the electrospray deposition method. The antibacterial effect of the newly formed TNT surface was considered using the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Maintenance of the biocompatibility and osteogenic characteristics of TNTs has been tested through cytotoxicity tests and osteogenic gene expression/extra-cellular matrix mineralization, respectively. The results showed that TNTs were successfully formed by anodization, and the characterization of TC deposited on the TNTs was controlled by varying the spraying parameters such as particle size and coating time. The TC nanoparticle-coated TNTs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and biocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, while the osteogenic activity of the TNT structure was preserved, as demonstrated by osteocalcin and osteopontin gene expression, as well as Alizarin red staining. Hence, this study concluded that the electrosprayed TC coating of TNTs is a simple and effective method for the formation of bactericidal implants that can maintain osteogenic activity.
Highlights
Successful restoration using bone implants depends on secure bonding between the biomaterial and bone tissue [1]
The diameter of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-coated TC particles produced by the electrospray deposition (ESD) method was approximately 24.36 nm, as shown in Figure 2b, which was confirmed along with the morphology of the particles using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Figure 2c)
The surface of the MA group made by grinding pure Ti was flat, whereas the surface of T0 prepared by anodization treatment with MA as a substrate presented titania nanotubes (TNTs) with regularly shaped nanotubes that were 100 nm in diameter
Summary
Successful restoration using bone implants depends on secure bonding between the biomaterial and bone tissue [1]. As a result that the oxide film of a Ti surface is only approximately 100 Å thick [5], various surface treatments, including resorbable blasted media (RBM), sand-blasted large-grit acid-etching (SLA) and anodization of titania nanotubes (TNTs), have been developed to thicken the film and endow it with topographic characteristics that would allow it to have more bone-to-implant contact [6,7,8] Among these surface treatments, anodization of TNTs has the most tuneability to permit deliberate adjustment of the diameter and length of the tubes [9,10]. This treatment possesses the potential to induce quick osseointegration and excellent implant fixation at an early phase by controlling the stem cell fate to adhere, migrate or differentiate [11,12,13]
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