Abstract
Two noble metals, such as silver and gold alloy nanoparticles, were successfully synthesized by the microwave assisted method in the presence of the Asparagus racemosus root extract and were used as an antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent. The nanostuctures of the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The UV-vis spectrum exhibits a distinct absorption peak at 483 nm for the bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. The microscopic analysis revealed the spherical shaped morphology of the biosynthesized nanoparticles with a particle size of 10–50 nm. The antibacterial potential of the green synthesized single metal (AgNPs and AuNPs) and bimetallic alloy nanoparticles was tested against five bacterial strains. The bimetallic alloy nanoparticles displayed the highest zone of inhibition against P. aeurgnosia and S.aureus strains when compared to single metal nanoparticles and plant extract. In addition, the inmmunomodulatory potential of the root extract of A. racemosus, AgNPs, AuNPs, and Ag-Au alloy NPs is achieved by measuring the cytokine levels in macrophages (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and NK cells (IFN-γ) of NK92 and THP1 cells using the solid phase sandwich ELISA technique. The results showed that the root extract of A. racemosus, AgNPs, and AuNPs can reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the macrophages cells, while Ag-Au alloy NPs can reduce cytokine responses in NK92 cells. Overall, this study shows that the microwave assisted biogenic synthesized bimetallic nanoalloy nanoparticles could be further explored for the development of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapies.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with the scale of less than 100 nanometers
The synthesis of metal nanoparticles was determined by specific surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands and further the formation of Ag, Au, and Ag-Au nanoparticle9sof 20 (NPs) was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy with distinct absorption peaks at 425, 540, and 483 nm, respectively due to the nanoparticles SPR (Figure 2A)
The results showed that the viability of differentiated THP1 cells was less affected by Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic alloy nanoparticles, while the viability of NK92 cells was significantly affected by Ag, Au, The concentrations of biosynthesized Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic alloy nanoparticles ranged from 2 to 40 nM, whereas the concentration of A. racemosus root extract ranged from 40 to 520 μg mL−1
Summary
Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with the scale of less than 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology helped researchers create new materials with several applications in industries and in the devices with an ultra small size [1] Nanosized noble metals such as silver and gold have received great attention due to their advanced physicochemical properties and found to have numerous potential applications in the sector of nanoscience including chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and chemical engineering [2,3,4,5]. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles (silver, copper oxide, platinum, palladium, etc.) from Asparagus racemosus extracts has been reported earlier These nanoparticles have shown an antibacterial and cytotoxic potential against various bacterial strains and cancer cells, respectively [27,28,29]. This study compares the antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic alloy nanoparticles to the A. racemosus root extract
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