Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional elements in Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueous extract (SAAE) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogens Enterotoxigenic E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration. Then, antidiarrhoeal effect was studied on castor-oil induced diarrhoea in mice model. Recorded Mg > Fe > Cu >Zn elements in SAAE invariably found to be effective against gram positive and gram negative pathogens. Effective concentration of bark showed the zone of inhibition against ETEC (200mg/mL), S. typhi and S. aureus (300mg/mL), P. aeurginosa and K. pneumonia (100mg/mL). The standard ratio between minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was meticulously recorded ‘one’ against all pathogens, which confirms the bactericidal property. Results in mice model prominently showed SAAE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the frequency and number of diarrhoeal episodes, intestinal fluid accumulation and intestinal transit time in dose dependent manner. Inordinate delay in charcoal movement in the intestine positively confirmed the antispasmodic effect by reducing propulsive movement. Confirmed findings in this study naturally suggested, SAAE could be an effective antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal formulation.
Highlights
The normal flora of a human is limited to certain area of the organized body, including the skin, mouth, large intestine, and the vagina (Arunlakshana and Schild, 1959) may act as opportunistic pathogens in injured or immunocompromised host
The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional elements in Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueous extract (SAAE) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogens enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcous aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory, and bactericidal concentration
Effective concentration of bark showed the zone of inhibition against enterotoxigenic E. coli (200 mg/ml), S. typhi and S. aureus (300 mg/ml), and P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia (100 mg/ml)
Summary
The normal flora of a human is limited to certain area of the organized body, including the skin, mouth, large intestine, and the vagina (Arunlakshana and Schild, 1959) may act as opportunistic pathogens in injured or immunocompromised host. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 12 families of bacteria pose the broadest threat to human health These infectious organisms were divided into three ideologic categories based on the urgency of need for new antibiotics: critical, high, and medium priority. The most critical group appropriately includes multidrug resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and various Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Serratia, and Proteus sp., creates a considerable threat in hospitals, nursing homes, and among patients, whose care depends upon specialized devices like ventilators and blood catheters. They can cause severe and often deadly infections, such as bloodstream infections, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Diarrheal disease is due to enteropathogens, diarrheagenic E. coli remain a most common causative agent in developing countries; Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli, encroaching pathogens like
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