Abstract
Development of efficient plant protection methods against bacterial phytopathogens subjected to compulsory control procedures under international legislation is of the highest concern having in mind expensiveness of enforced quarantine measures and threat of the infection spread in disease-free regions. In this study, fructose-stabilized silver nanoparticles (FRU-AgNPs) were produced using direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD) generated between the surface of a flowing liquid anode (FLA) solution and a pin-type tungsten cathode in a continuous flow reaction-discharge system. Resultant spherical and stable in time FRU-AgNPs exhibited average sizes of 14.9 ± 7.9 nm and 15.7 ± 2.0 nm, as assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that the obtained nanomaterial was composed of Ag while selected area electron diffraction (SAED) indicated that FRU-AgNPs had the face-centered cubic crystalline structure. The fabricated FRU-AgNPs show antibacterial properties against Erwinia amylovora, Clavibacter michiganensis, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Dickeya solani strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.64 to 13.1 mg L−1 and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 3.29 to 26.3 mg L−1. Application of FRU-AgNPs might increase the repertoire of available control procedures against most devastating phytopathogens and as a result successfully limit their agricultural impact.
Highlights
In recent decades, a rapid increase in the fabrication of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) has been observed
We focused on Erwinia amylovora (Eam), Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rsol), Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), and Dickeya solani (Dsol) whose economic significance was further emphasized by either a place or honorable mentions on the top 10 list of plant pathogenic bacteria by Mansfield et al [37]
It was possible to confirm the formation of Ag nanostructures as well as to estimate their optical properties based on UV/Vis absorption spectra of the direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD)-treated working solution (Figure 2)
Summary
A rapid increase in the fabrication of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) has been observed. The chemical reduction approach often requires toxic reagents such as hydrazine [9] For these reasons, several research groups applied atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) generated in contact with liquids and tried to use plasma-liquid interactions (PLIs) for the synthesis of stable in time AgNPs in a much faster and less complicated way [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. The operation of APP resulted in the production of various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in addition to solvated electrons and hydrogen radicals (H·) All these species mediated reduction of Ag(I) ions and formation of AgNPs [18,19,20]
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