Abstract
Bacterial infections due to bone replacement surgeries require modifications of bone cement with antibacterial components. This study aimed to investigate whether the incorporation of gentamicin or nanometals into bone cement may reduce and to what extent bacterial growth without the loss of overall cytocompatibility and adverse effects in vitro. The bone cement Cemex was used as the base material, modified either with gentamicin sulfate or nanometals: Silver or copper. The inhibition of bacterial adhesion and growth was examined against five different bacterial strains along with integrity of erythrocytes, viability of blood platelets, and dental pulp stem cells. Bone cement modified with nanoAg or nanoCu revealed greater bactericidal effects and prevented the biofilm formation better compared to antibiotic-loaded bone cement. The cement containing nanoAg displayed good cytocompatibility without noticeable hemolysis of erythrocytes or blood platelet disfunction and good viability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). On the contrary, the nanoCu cement enhanced hemolysis of erythrocytes, reduced the platelets aggregation, and decreased DPSC viability. Based on these studies, we suggest the modification of bone cement with nanoAg may be a good strategy to provide improved implant fixative for bone regeneration purposes.
Highlights
Human ageing associated with gradual weakening of the bones and an increasing number of accidents contributes to the fact that bone cement (BC) has been gaining broader applications in medicine
It is generally accepted that clinically successful BC should be a biocompatible material, but some bone cement components may be toxic to human body, such as unreacted methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer or certain additives, i.e., N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, benzoyl peroxide, barium sulfate, as well as free radicals released during the polymerization process
In the case of bacteria incubated in the control sample and with BC, their rapid multiplication to 4 iMS was observed within 4 h
Summary
Human ageing associated with gradual weakening of the bones and an increasing number of accidents contributes to the fact that bone cement (BC) has been gaining broader applications in medicine. Acrylic BC based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a common biomaterial due to its easy processability, favorable mechanical properties, and biostability in the human body. It is a non-biodegradable material with relatively poor adhesion to surfaces, and its polymerization can damage the surrounding tissue [1,2,3]. It is generally accepted that clinically successful BC should be a biocompatible material, but some bone cement components may be toxic to human body, such as unreacted methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer or certain additives, i.e., N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, benzoyl peroxide, barium sulfate, as well as free radicals released during the polymerization process. Pathological platelet overactivation contributes to the development of micro- and macro-angiopathies leading to vascular complications whereas any BC-related platelet inactivation is associated with the risk of bleeding [12,13]
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