Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is a vital target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. We have recently described a computer-based drug design for a small molecule VEGFR2 inhibitor named VH02 (1-((1-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-(3-chloromethylphenyl)urea). This study aimed to further explore the anti-angiogenic activity of VH02 both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro assays include cell viability, capillary-like tube formation, MMP activity, and western blot analyses of signaling through VEGFR2 while the in vivo anti-angiogenic response were performed to evaluate the effect on vascularization in Matrigel plug applied in C57BL/6L mice. VH02 reduced angiogenesis behavior of EA.hy926 including cell viability, migration, adhesion, capillary-like tube formation, and MMP-2 activity induced by VEGF. Furthermore, VH02 regulated angiogenesis by directly inhibiting VEGFR2 on Tyr1175 signaling pathway leading to the inhibition of Akt-mediated cell survival and migration. Disruption of phosphorylation at VEGFR2-Tyr1175 by VH02 abolished FAK-Tyr397 signaling but not phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. This suggests that blockade of FAK by VH02 apparently associated with reduction of endothelial cell motility. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement was diminished by VH02 in human endothelial cells. The anti-angiogenic effect of VH02 was confirmed in the in vivo model, revealing the reduction of vascular density in Matrigel plug after VH02 treatment. Additionally, the pericyte-like cells surrounding blood vessels in the plugs were significantly reduced as well as vascular density and p-Akt intensity. Our findings indicate that VH02 successfully inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo models. The compound could be further developed as an antiangiogenesis agent for cancer therapy.
Highlights
Angiogenesis is an important facilitator for the development of solid cancer by sprouting new blood vessels from pre-existing endothelium to transport growth factors, oxygen, and various nutrients to tumors
We explored the antiangiogenic activity of a novel Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor, VH02, both in vitro and in vivo
We found that VH02 inhibited multiple steps of angiogenesis feature including endothelial cell viability, adhesion, migration, and tube formation
Summary
Angiogenesis is an important facilitator for the development of solid cancer by sprouting new blood vessels from pre-existing endothelium to transport growth factors, oxygen, and various nutrients to tumors. Molecules 2016, 21, 1258 those, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members are key signal mediators that control endothelial cells in many aspects, in supporting tumor invasion and metastasis [1]. The VEGF subtype A (VEGFA) supersedes other family members (VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD) in the field of antiangiogenesis therapy because the first generation of drugs available in the market was targeting VEGF (commonly referred to VEGFA) and VEGF receptors (VEGFR). VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway is initiated by the dimerization of VEGFR2 and subsequent phosphorylations of several tyrosine residues, e.g., Y951, Y1175, and Y1214
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