Anti-Anemic Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Apple Vinegar against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats.

Driss Ousaaid,Omkulthom Al Kamaly,Raffaele Conte,Hamza Mechchate,Asmaa Saleh,Hassan Laaroussi,Meryem Bakour,Ilham El Arabi,Asmae El Ghouizi,Badiaa Lyoussi,Imane Es-Safi

doi:10.3390/life12020239

Abstract

This study aims to examine the ability of apple vinegar on phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolytic anemia in Wistar rats. In vitro, phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were determined. In vivo, phenylhydrazine (10 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into rats for 4 days and then treated with apple vinegar daily by gavage (1 mL/kg) for five weeks. high level of polyphenols and flavonoids (90 ± 1.66 mg GAE/100 mL and 7.29 ± 0.23 mg QE/100 mL, respectively) were found in the apple vinegar which gives it a good ability to scavenge free radicals (TAC = 4.22 ± 0.18 mg AAE/100 mL and DPPH, IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.004 µL/ml). The phytochemical composition of apple vinegar revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds including arbutin, apigenin, sinapic, ferulic and trans-ferulic acids. The major antioxidant components in apple vinegar were ferulic and trans-ferulic acids (40% and 43%, respectively). PHZ treatment induced changes in platelets, blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin concentration and mean capsulated hemoglobin. However, the co-administration of apple vinegar revealed its capacity to ameliorate the changes induced by phenylhydrazine. Therefore, apple vinegar use could have a positive impact on the prevention of hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine due to the antioxidant properties of its major components.

Highlights

Blood is a liquid tissue that circulates in our body through blood vessels
This study aims to examine the ability of apple vinegar on phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolytic anemia in Wistar rats
The results obtained from the current study revealed that rats treated with apple vinegar (1 mL/kg) and PHZ simultaneously showed an increase in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (HGB) and HCT values as compared to the positive group

Summary

Introduction

Blood is a liquid tissue that circulates in our body through blood vessels. The diminution of the number of erythrocytes below the normal range leads to the appearance of anemia [1]. The incidence of drug-induced hemolytic anemia is rare, and it is estimated at 1 per million people [3]. Depending on the site of hemolysis, drug-induced hemolytic anemia can be classified as intravascular and extravascular. Intravascular hemolysis occurs when blood contains exogenous toxic agents or due to complement fixation with red blood cells (RBCs). One drug with a toxic effect on red blood cells is phenylhydrazine (PHZ), which could be useful for the treatment of polycythemia vera and fever [10]. Oxidative stress controls numerous physiological cell functions, including proteasome function, immune response, platelet generation, mitochondrial function and reproductive cell function [14,15,16,17], whilst the exacerbation of its production induces oxidation of nucleic acid, proteins and lipids, leading to cell destruction [11]

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