Abstract
The present study evaluated a range of biological activities of selected millet types and sorghum varieties in Sri Lanka in relation to diabetes and its complications management. Five millet types, namely, proso millet, white finger millet, kodo millet, foxtail millet, and finger millet (Oshadha and Rawana), and two sorghum varieties, namely, sweet sorghum and sorghum ICSV 112, were used in this study. Methanolic extracts of whole grains were studied for antiamylase, antiglucosidase, and early- and middle-stage antiglycation and glycation reversing activities in vitro. Tested millets and sorghum showed significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent antiamylase (IC50: 33.34 ± 1.11–1446.70 ± 54.10 μg/ml), early-stage antiglycation (IC50: 15.42 ± 0.50–270.03 ± 16.29 μg/ml), middle-stage antiglycation (135.08 ± 12.95–614.54 ± 6.99 μg/ml), early-stage glycation reversing (EC50: 91.82 ± 6.56–783.20 ± 61.70 μg/ml), and middle-stage glycation reversing (393.24 ± 8.68–1374.60 ± 129.30 μg/ml) activities. However, none of the studied millet and sorghum showed antiglucosidase activity. Out of the samples studied, pigmented samples, namely, sweet sorghum, Oshadha, and Rawana, exhibited significantly high (p < 0.05) antiamylase and early- and middle-stage antiglycation and glycation reversing activities compared to other millet and sorghum samples. Interestingly, sweet sorghum exhibited nearly four times potent antiamylase activity compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC50 111.98 ± 2.68 μg/ml) and sweet sorghum, kodo millet, Oshadha, and Rawana showed comparable early-stage antiglycation activities in comparison to the reference standard Rutin (IC50 21.88 ± 0.16 μg/ml). Therefore, consumption of whole grains of pigmented millet and sorghum in Sri Lanka may play an important role in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Interestingly, this is the 1st study to report all the tested biological activities for millet and sorghum in Sri Lanka and the 1st study to report both early- and middle-stage glycation reversing activities of millet and sorghum worldwide.
Highlights
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are known as the chronic diseases or lifestyle-related diseases are the world’s leading causes of deaths [1]
Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia and longterm hyperglycaemic conditions in diabetes patients lead to diabetes retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, and age-related cognitive decline [4,5,6,7,8]
Numerous research findings have clearly shown that these diseases and complications have a promising link with the glycated proteins and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), which are formed through the protein glycation reaction under hyperglycaemic conditions in diabetes patients [7]
Summary
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are known as the chronic diseases or lifestyle-related diseases are the world’s leading causes of deaths [1]. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia and longterm hyperglycaemic conditions in diabetes patients lead to diabetes retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, and age-related cognitive decline [4,5,6,7,8]. Numerous research findings have clearly shown that these diseases and complications have a promising link with the glycated proteins and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), which are formed through the protein glycation reaction under hyperglycaemic conditions in diabetes patients [7]. At the early stage of protein glycation process, reaction between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and amino group of proteins leads to the production of Amadori compounds. Reactive dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal, and glucosone are produced via auto oxidation of glucose and glycoxidation of Amadori compounds while at the last stage dicarbonyl compounds undergo further glycoxidation to form AGEs and their subsequent cross-linked glycated products [7, 11]. erefore, in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications, the compounds which can reduce the hyperglycaemia as well as the glycation inhibitors, among which most importantly compounds that can reverse the glycated proteins are of immensely valuable
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