Abstract
The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts is an eco-friendly method. It is a single step and offers several advantages such as time reducing, cost-effective and environmental non-toxic. Silver nanoparticles are a type of Noble metal nanoparticles and it has tremendous applications in the field of diagnostics, therapeutics, antimicrobial activity, anticancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work, the aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Lampranthus coccineus and Malephora lutea F. Aizoaceae were successfully used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was early detected by a color change from pale yellow to reddish-brown color and was further confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX). The TEM analysis of showed spherical nanoparticles with a mean size between 12.86 nm and 28.19 nm and the UV- visible spectroscopy showed λmax of 417 nm, which confirms the presence of nanoparticles. The neuroprotective potential of SNPs was evaluated by assessing the antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Metabolomic profiling was performed on methanolic extracts of L. coccineus and M. lutea and resulted in the identification of 12 compounds, then docking was performed to investigate the possible interaction between the identified compounds and human acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione transferase receptor, which are associated with the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. Overall our SNPs highlighted its promising potential in terms of anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity as plant-based anti-Alzheimer drug and against oxidative stress.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding multidisciplinary field, which deals with the understanding and regulating matter at a dimension of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, and includes the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology, and technology of nanometer-scale objects [1]
UV-Vis spectroscopy can show that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks for green synthesized silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were between 370–435 nm [43]
The formation of the synthesized SNPs was confirmed by observing the color change from pale yellow to reddish-brown color, and it has been confirmed by using different techniques e.g. transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Visiblespectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
Summary
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding multidisciplinary field, which deals with the understanding and regulating matter at a dimension of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, and includes the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology, and technology of nanometer-scale objects [1]. Nanoparticles of free metals have been extensively studied because of their unique physical properties, chemical reactivity and potential applications in catalysis, biological labeling, biosensing, drug delivery, antibacterial activity, antiviral activity, and detection of genetic disorders, gene therapy and DNA sequencing [3]. Nanoparticles have unique properties, which are quite different than those of larger particles. Nanoparticles green synthesis is not time-consuming compared to other biological processes [9]. Yeasts and fungi can be used for the synthesis of SNPs, were silver nitrate was transformed into Ag oxide, forming well-dispersed SNPs, by the action of Fusarium oxysporum. The introduction of Ag particles to Fusarium oxysporum brought about the release of nitrate reductase ensuing development of extremely stable SNPs in solution [14]
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