Abstract
Various beneficial biological activities have been reported for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), grown in tropical and subtropical regions. However, no study has yet demonstrated its action against the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-ZIKV of the ethanolic passion fruit seed extract (PFSE), from which, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis allowed to putatively annotate the occurrence of piceatannol, astringin, scirpusin A, scirpusin B, isookanin-7-O-glucoside and naringenin-7-O-glucoside, two quadranguloside derivatives, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. PFSE is well tolerated by cell lines (Vero E6 and HTR-8/SVneo) and tissue explants from the human placenta. With 1- and 24-h treatments, PFSE consistently reduced the viral load and NS1 protein expression of the two strains of ZIKV (MR766 and PE243) in placental explants and cell lines. Thus, PFSE has a promising potential for developing anti-ZIKV treatments, protecting the placenta against infection caused by ZIKV, along with relevant antioxidant potential, represented by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 390.5 Trolox eq per g dry extract and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) of 12.1 μg mL–1, and more than 90% protection from lipid peroxidation. Although further studies need to be conducted, PFSE treatment was safe and effective in trophoblast cells and placental explants, thus representing a promising class of all-accessible products based on the reuse of industrial by-products.
Highlights
Brazil is the largest producer of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) in the world, withAnti-Zika Virus Effects, Placenta Protection and Chemical Composition of Passiflora edulis Seeds Ethanolic Extract J
The detailed mass spectrometric analyses of the compounds are summarized in the Supplementary Information (SI) section (Figures S1-S12)
The results obtained by LC-MS/MS in a negative ionization allowed us to annotate the signals at 18.5, 17.4, 21.0, 22.4, and 17.2 min, referring to [M - H]– ions of m/z 243, 405, 485, 469 and 449, respectively, and presented a fragmentation profile consistent with the compounds piceatannol (m/z 243), astringin (m/z 405), scirpusin B (m/z 485) and scirpusin A (m/z 469) (Figure S11), along with isookanin7‐O‐glucoside (m/z 449).[35,36,37]
Summary
Brazil is the largest producer of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) in the world, withAnti-Zika Virus Effects, Placenta Protection and Chemical Composition of Passiflora edulis Seeds Ethanolic Extract J. Brazil is the largest producer of yellow passion fruit Anti-Zika Virus Effects, Placenta Protection and Chemical Composition of Passiflora edulis Seeds Ethanolic Extract J. Soc. material, mainly for cosmetic and nutritional purposes.[4] After extracting the oil from the seeds, a residual cake is obtained, which is generally underutilized. Material, mainly for cosmetic and nutritional purposes.[4] After extracting the oil from the seeds, a residual cake is obtained, which is generally underutilized It is rich in bioactive compounds such as the stilbenes piceatannol and scirpusin B, phenolic compounds and flavonoids.[5]
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