Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis against noroviruses (NoVs). Murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) used as a surrogate was detected by plaque assay and RT-qPCR. Human NoV virus like particles (VLPs) were detected by cell-binding assay. It was shown that the presence of B. adolescentis could inhibit the multiplication of MNV-1 on RAW 264.7 cells within 48 h of co-incubation period at 37°C. This inhibition did not occur at the viral binding stage, as no difference was observed in MNV-1 genomic copies collected from washed RAW 264.7 cells without and with B. adolescentis after co-incubation for 1 h at room temperature. Meanwhile, the presence of B. adolescentis decreased the binding of human NoV GI.1 VLPs to both Caco-2 cells and HT-29 cells, while no reduction was induced for the binding of human NoV GII.4 VLPs to Caco-2 cells.
Highlights
Probiotics are defined as “living micro-organisms, which upon ingestion in certain numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition.” Most probiotic microorganisms belong to lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp., and Enterococcus sp (Ljungh and Wadström, 2006)
The plaque assay showed that compared with the negative control (MNV-1 on RAW 264.7 cells without bacteria), the Murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) plaque forming units (PFU) from cell-culture wells in the presence of B. adolescentis were decreased significantly from 20 ± 3–7 ± 2 PFU/well (Figure 1A, P < 0.05)
The average sizes of the plaques measured by ImageJ showed that compared with the negative control (MNV-1 on RAW 264.7 cells without bacteria), the plaque diameters from cell-culture wells in the presence of B. adolescentis were decreased significantly from 9.2 ± 2.7– 3.9 ± 0.6 pixel (Figure 1B, P < 0.05)
Summary
Probiotics are defined as “living micro-organisms, which upon ingestion in certain numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition.” Most probiotic microorganisms belong to lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp., and Enterococcus sp (Ljungh and Wadström, 2006). Probiotics may benefit the human and animal host directly, by preventing the infection and combating the causative agent of the intestinal disorder, or indirectly, by balancing the disrupted equilibrium of the enteric flora and augmenting the host’s immune responses (Maragkoudakis et al, 2010; Sanders et al, 2013). With the use of animal models, multiple probiotic strains have shown anti-rotavirus effect (Muñoz et al, 2011; Kandasamy et al, 2014; Mao et al, 2016). In vitro studies have demonstrated that probiotics may have antiviral activity against rotavirus (Maragkoudakis et al, 2010; Muñoz et al, 2011), coxsackievirus (Kim et al, 2014), hepatitis C virus (El-Adawi et al, 2015), as well as noroviruses (NoVs; Aboubakr et al, 2014; Rubio-del-Campo et al, 2014)
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