Abstract
Cancer has become the second leading cause of death worldwide; however, its complex pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Previous research has shown that cancer development and progression are closely associated with various non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs, which regulate gene expression. Target gene abnormalities are regulated and engaged in the complex mechanism underlying tumor formation, thereby controlling apoptosis, invasion, and migration of tumor cells and providing potentially effective targets for the treatment of malignant tumors. Chemotherapy is a commonly used therapeutic strategy for cancer; however, its effectiveness is limited by general toxicity and tumor cell drug resistance. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to developing new cancer treatment modalities using traditional Chinese medicines, which exert regulatory effects on multiple components, targets, and pathways. Several active ingredients in Chinese medicine, including ginsenoside, baicalin, and matrine have been found to regulate ncRNA expression levels, thus, exerting anti-tumor effects. This review summarizes the scientific progress made regarding the anti-tumor mechanisms elicited by various active ingredients of Chinese medicine in regulating non-coding RNAs, to provide a theoretical foundation for treating tumors using traditional Chinese medicine.
Highlights
The incidence of cancer has tripled over the past three decades and is expected to increase five-fold by 2030 [1]
Curcumin reduced the expression of endogenous long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-ROR and effectively increased the available concentration of miR-145 in human prostate cancer stem cells, TABLE 2 | Detailed information on Chinese medicine active ingredients targeting lncRNAs
As potential targets for the active ingredients of Chinese medicine, circular RNA (circRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and other non-coding RNAs are involved in tumor development
Summary
The incidence of cancer has tripled over the past three decades and is expected to increase five-fold by 2030 [1]. Some of the active ingredients of Chinese medicine have been shown to exert anti-cancer effects by regulating ncRNAs and acting on various signaling pathways and cancer-related molecular targets, inhibiting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and inducing cancer cell apoptosis [29]. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine regulate target genes by influencing an abnormal expression of miRNAs and inducing tumor cell apoptosis (Figure 1). The expression of miR-326 was FIGURE 1 | Active ingredients of Chinese medicine targeting miRNAs induce tumor apoptosis and cell cycle blocking. MiR-15a and miR-16 effectively induce autophagy, FIGURE 3 | Active ingredients of Chinese medicine targeting miRNAs inhibit tumor cell metastasis and invasion, and reverse tumor cell resistance. Curcumin reduced the expression of endogenous lncRNA-ROR and effectively increased the available concentration of miR-145 in human prostate cancer stem cells,
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