Abstract
The development and implementation of strategies to assist safe and effective transport and storage of pellets in containers and indoor facilities without heating systems are challenging. This study primarily aimed to reshape the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into a liquid-state binder in order to develop freezing–defrosting-proof non-wood pellets. The introduction of the standard solution of food waste into the process of pelleting consisted of stirring it together with the residual biomass from distillation of cellulosic bioethanol or alternatively spraying very fine droplets on the layer of the starting material before it entered the pilot-scale automatic machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. The addition by spraying of carbohydrate-rich supplement boiled for five minutes caused the pellets to show increases in apparent density (1250.8500 kg·m−3), durability (99.7665%), and hydrophobicity (93.9785%), and consistently prevented them from suffering severe mechanical fracture by thermal shock. The fractal dimension of breakpoints, cracks, and delamination on the finished surface for these products was the smallest at 1.7500–1.7505. Sprayed pellets would fall into the strictest grid of products for residential heat-and-power units, even after freezing and defrosting. The conclusion is therefore that spraying can spectacularly ensure the reliability of liquid-state food waste as an anti-thermal shock binder for non-wood pellets.
Highlights
The macroeconomic clusters of Africa, East Asia and Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and Africa, and the Nations of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) together generated 3.5 billion tons municipal solid waste (MSW) per day in 2017
We performed the curation of the set of images through the non-binary equalization of frequency of RGB channels prior to running the box-counting method. In both the cases of 2D contour plotting and fractal analysis we implemented fuzzy logic to turn eventual ambiguities off to improve the accuracy of prediction and visualization of non-Boolean patterns [76]
The elemental contents of carbon and oxygen of the residual biomass were higher than those of the load of food waste, which was higher in contents of hydrogen and nitrogen
Summary
The macroeconomic clusters of Africa, East Asia and Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and Africa, and the Nations of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) together generated 3.5 billion tons municipal solid waste (MSW) per day in 2017. Energies 2020, 13, 3280 and fermentation, as well as incineration or combustion, gasification, torrefaction, hydrothermal carbonization, steam explosion, pyrolysis, and liquefaction are the simplest and wisest waste-to-product (WtP) and waste-to-energy (WtE) pathways to convert the organic fraction of MSW to bio-oil, syngas, and solid biofuels such as biochar and pellets [6,7,8,9]. The technical use of food waste as an ingredient (whether as a base or a supplement) in the compaction of biomass for the production of fuel-grade biosolids is not consistent. Further investigations on preprocessing techniques to make its re-use through the path of pelleting suitable are, necessary for technical reasons
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