Abstract
Although inorganic anti-Stokes fluorescent probes have long been developed, the operational mode of today's most advanced examples still involves the harsh requirement of coherent laser excitation, which often yields unexpected light disturbance or even photon-induced deterioration during optical imaging. Here, we demonstrate an efficient anti-Stokes fluorescent probe with incoherent excitation. We show that the probe can be operated under light-emitting diode excitation and provides tunable anti-Stokes energy shift and decay kinetics, which allow for rapid and deep tissue imaging over a very large area with negligible photodestruction. Charging of the probe can be achieved by either X-rays or ultraviolet-visible light irradiation, which enables multiplexed detection and function integration with standard X-ray medical imaging devices.
Highlights
Inorganic anti-Stokes fluorescent probes have long been developed, the operational mode of today’s most advanced examples still involves the harsh requirement of coherent laser excitation, which often yields unexpected light disturbance or even photon-induced deterioration during optical imaging
Alternative photonic probes based on anti-Stokes emission from inorganic phosphor materials appear highly suitable as a possible solution for these issues, but they provide new functionality such as nano-scale thermometry and delayed detection[8,9,10,11]
The establishment of an anti-Stokes photonic probe requires a material system which is suitable for building a mid-gap electron reservoir
Summary
Inorganic anti-Stokes fluorescent probes have long been developed, the operational mode of today’s most advanced examples still involves the harsh requirement of coherent laser excitation, which often yields unexpected light disturbance or even photon-induced deterioration during optical imaging. Alternative photonic probes based on anti-Stokes emission from inorganic phosphor materials appear highly suitable as a possible solution for these issues, but they provide new functionality such as nano-scale thermometry and delayed detection[8,9,10,11]. Despite their apparent advantages, such anti-Stokes probes rely strictly on higher-order excitation. In addition to the anticipated advantage of strongly reduced photobleaching during imaging, the approach overcomes the stringent constraints of the inherently small beam diameter of lasers, offering the possibility of rapid optical imaging of tissues over a much larger area[14,15]
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