Abstract
Oral microbes are intimately associated with many oral and systemic diseases. Ongoing research is seeking to elucidate drugs that prevent and treat microbial diseases. Various functions of Alpinia Katsumadai seed extracts have been reported such as their anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-puritic, anti-emetic, and cytoprotective effects. Here, we investigated the anti-periodontitis effect of an ethanol extract of Alpinia Katsumadai seeds (EEAKSs) on dental plaque bacteria (DPB)-induced inflammation and bone resorption. DPB and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) were cultured and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) levels were estimated using ELISA. Cytotoxicity was also verified. Proteases were screened using a protease antibody array method. Osteoclastic bone resorption was also investigated. EEAKSs suppressed P. gingivalis growth on agar plates. LPS prepared from dental plaque bacteria (DPB-LPS) and P. gingivalis (PG-LPS) significantly increased PGE2 and COX2 levels in immortalized gingival fibroblasts (IGFs), immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs), and RAW264.7 macrophage cells. However, DPB-LPS and PG-LPS-induced PGE2 and COX-2 increases were effectively abolished by EEAKS treatment at non-cytotoxic concentrations. In the protease antibody array, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, kallikrein 10, cathepsin D, and cathepsin V levels were increased by PG-LPS stimulation. However, increases in protease levels except for cathepsin D were suppressed by EEAKS treatment. In addition, RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation was significantly inhibited by EEAKS treatment, leading to reductions in resorption pit formation. These results suggest that EEAKSs exerted a beneficial oral health effect to help prevent DPB-mediated periodontal disease.
Highlights
Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disease that occurs in over 90% of adults and is the main cause of tooth loss [1]
Dental plaque bacteria from dental plaques were cultured in brain–heart infusion (BHI) broth (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Baltimore, MD, USA) at 37 ◦ C
To test the effect of ethanol extract of Alpinia Katsumadai seeds (EEAKSs) on P. gingivalis growth, cells were cultured until the optical density was approximately 0.8 (600 nm) and 10 μL of bacterial solution was inoculated density was approximately 0.8 (600 nm) and 10 μL of bacterial solution was inoculated onto an agar plate, and cultured with various concentrations of EEAKSs for 48 h
Summary
Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disease that occurs in over 90% of adults and is the main cause of tooth loss [1]. It is divided into gingivitis and periodontitis according to the severity of the disease. Gingivitis is a periodontal disease that can be quickly resolved and is limited to gum inflammation. Periodontitis is an inflammatory lesion of periodontal tissue caused by proteolytic dental plaque bacteria present in the gingival margin. A periodontal pocket is formed, gingival retraction occurs, and periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone are destroyed, causing tooth loss. Mixed infections with various bacteria present in dental plaque cause the inflammation of the periodontal tissue. P. gingivalis infiltrates into the gingival sulcular epithelium and is detected in the lesions of patients with periodontitis
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