Abstract
Purpose : To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Suaeda asparagoides ethylacetate extract (SAE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Methods : The antioxidative activity of SAE was evaluated by measuring 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity spectrometrometrically. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia were used to study the expression and production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α). Results : Pretreatment with SAE prior to LPS treatment significantly inhibited excessive production of NO (p < 0.001 at 20, 40, 80 and 100 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner, and was associated with down-regulation of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SAE also suppressed the LPSinduced increase in TNF-α level (p < 0.01at concentrations of 40 and 80 μg/mL) in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, DPPH-generated free radicals were inhibited by SAE in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion : These results indicate that SAE possesses strong anti-oxidant properties, and inhibits excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, iNOS and TNF-α, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells Keywords : Suaeda asparagoides, DPPH, Anti-inflammatory activity, Microglial cells, iNOS, TNF-α
Highlights
Suaeda asparagoides Miq. (S. asparagoides) is a salt marsh plant which grows well in tide land due to land change [1,2]
The inflammatory response is mediated by the activated microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which normally respond to neuronal damage [7]
Suaeda asparagoides ethylacetate extract (SAE) treatment did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells treated for 24 h at concentrations up to 80 μg/mL, and in all cases the viability was found above 95.8 % by MTT assay (Figure 2)
Summary
Suaeda asparagoides Miq. (S. asparagoides) is a salt marsh plant which grows well in tide land due to land change [1,2]. S. asparagoides plant is traditionally folk medicine in Korea to treat hypertension and hepatitis [4]. The inflammatory response is mediated by the activated microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which normally respond to neuronal damage [7] They are activated in response to free radicals and exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [8]. Activation of microglia results in the release of various bioactive molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [9] Overproduction of these inflammatory mediators causes severe neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington’s disease [9]
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