Abstract
Dietary protamine can ameliorate hyperlipidemia; however, the protamine-derived active peptide and its hypolipidemic mechanism of action are unclear. Here, we report the discovery of a novel anti-obesity and hypocholesterolemic peptide, RPR (Arg-Pro-Arg), derived from protamine in mice fed a high-fat diet for 50 days. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the protamine and RPR groups than in the control group. White adipose tissue weight was significantly decreased in the protamine and RPR groups. The fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid was significantly higher in the protamine and RPR groups than in the control group. We also observed a significant decrease in the expression of hepatic SCD1, SREBP1, and adipocyte FAS mRNA, and significantly increased expression of hepatic PPARα and adipocyte PPARγ1 mRNA in the protamine group. These findings demonstrate that the anti-obesity effects of protamine are linked to the upregulation of adipocyte PPARγ1 and hepatic PPARα and the downregulation of hepatic SCD1 via SREBP1 and adipocyte FAS. RPR derived from protamine has a crucial role in the anti-obesity action of protamine by evaluating the effective dose of adipose tissue weight loss.
Highlights
We investigated the effects of the novel anti-obesity and hypocholesterolemic peptide, Arg-Pro-Arg (RPR) derived from protamine, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD)
Protamine tryptic hydroldrolysate consists of MPR, RRR, SSSRPVR, RRRRPR, VSR, RRRRR, GGR, and RRR by ysate consists of MPR, RRR, SSSRPVR, RRRRPR, VSR, RRRRR, GGR, and RRR by PepPeptideCutter
Serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased creased in the protamine group and RPR group and non-HDL-cholesterol was signifiin the protamine group and RPR group and non-HDL-cholesterol was significantly decantly decreased in the protamine group (Figure 4a)
Summary
It is typically related to other metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. It is characterized by an abnormal fat-accumulation in the adipose tissue that results from excessive calorie intake derived from an imbalance between energy intake and energy consumption [1,2,3,4]. Numerous nutritional intervention studies have reported that dietary proteins or hydrolysates have been shown to reduce body weight and fat mass and lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. Soybean protein is reported to effectively lower body weight and fat mass in overweight and obese subjects [5,6]. Yellow catfish protein hydrolysate exhibited antiobesity effects in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), compared with the simvastatin treated mice [8]
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