Abstract
Objectives:The study was to investigate anti-migration and invasion effects of astaxanthin (ATX), a natural carotenoid derivative distributed in marine environments, against A172 human glioblastoma cells. Materials and Methods:Cell viability after ATX treatment was measured by MTT assays. Tumor cell migration and invasion were observed by scratch and Boyden chamber assays, respectively. Expression of MMP-2 and activity of MMP-9 were observed by immunoblotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. Results:ATX up to 150 µM was not toxic to A172 cells at 48 h post-treatment. In contrast, ATX at 50 and 100 µM significantly decreased migration and invasion of A172 cells at 24 and 48 h post-treatment. Metastatic-reducing effect of ATX is associated with the reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: This finding indicated that ATX has anti-migration and invasion effects against human glioblastoma cells and might be applicable for the protection against metastasis of glioblastoma.
Highlights
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with malignant characteristics
The study was to investigate anti-migration and invasion effects of astaxanthin (ATX), a natural carotenoid derivative distributed in marine environments, against A172 human glioblastoma cells
This finding indicated that ATX has anti-migration and invasion effects against human glioblastoma cells and might be applicable for the protection against metastasis of glioblastoma
Summary
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with malignant characteristics. It is the most prevalent and lethal brain cancer. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid derivative, naturally distributed in marine environments as a red pigment. It has been identified in several microorganisms including the microalgae, red yeast, and marine bacterium (Yuan et al, 2011). Anti-cancer effects of ATX are attributed to various cancer cells such as oral, bladder, colon, leukemia, and hepatocellular carcinomas (Yuan et al, 2011). ATX is beneficial in decreasing cancer progression due to its antioxidant properties, which mediate through a variety of mechanisms, including inflammation, cell interaction, and cell death
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