Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes which cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) and other substrates. They are deeply involved in both cancer metastasis and human chronic inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis and Crohn’s disease. Regulation of MMPs is closely associated with signaling molecules, especially mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including three representative kinases, extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Ginseng (Panax sp.) is a plant which has been traditionally used for medicinal applications. Ginsenosides are major metabolites which have potentials to treat various human diseases. In this review, the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides have been rigorously investigated; these include anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory activities of ginsenosides associated with suppression of MMPs via regulation of various signaling pathways. This will highlight the importance of MMPs as therapeutic targets for anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory drug development based on ginsenosides.
Highlights
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients, as it occupies about67% of cancer deaths [1]
Cancer cells have to break out and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) which is composed of collagen, laminins, fibronectin, elastin and multiple types of polysaccharide, because the ECM acts as a chemical and physical barrier anchoring cancer cells to the origin of tumorigenesis [4]
It is implicated that modulation of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to improvement of cancer metastasis and inflammatory diseases
Summary
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients, as it occupies about. This review summarizes recent investigations into the suppressive effects of ginseno of 20 sides on cancer metastasis and inflammation, especially through the regulation of MMPs via modulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Considering that one of major roles of ECM assembly is acting as a physical barrier to protect cells from adverse effects, MMPs can promote aging of skin, arthritis and metastasis of cancer cells [21]. Collagen (IV-VI), fibronectin, MMP-2 a phenotypic change into mesenchymal cells By this process, cancer cell migration and elastin invasion are stimulated. XVIII),non-enzymatically fibrillin, elastin, osteonectin, report indicated that MMPs promote cell migration via hemopexin fibronectin, elastincontribute to domain [24]. They demonstrated that the hemopexin domain of proMMP-9. Collagen (I, IV, XVIII), gelatin, laminin, vitronectin, fibronectin, proteoglycan
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