Abstract
Overproduction and stimulation of tyrosinase result in increased melanogenesis of which several skin disorders such as freckles, spots, and hyperpigmentation appear as complications. Limonium tetragonum is a halophyte well-known for its antioxidative properties. This study investigated the anti-melanogenic effects of solvent-partitioned L. tetragonum extracts (LTEs) and its bioactive constituents, two isolated flavonoid glycosides. Current study followed a set of experiments on B16-F10 mouse melanoma cell model with a focus on tyrosinase activity and production. The anti-melanogenic capacity of LTEs was confirmed by their tyrosinase inhibitory effects, prevention of DOPA oxidation, and suppression of melanin production. The inhibition of tyrosinase and DOPA oxidation by LTEs was suggested to be related with the downregulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2, verified with mRNA and protein expression levels. Among all tested LTEs, 85% aq. MeOH and n-BuOH were found to be the most active fractions which later yielded the two known compounds, myricetin 3-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-β-galactopyronaside. The anti-melanogenic potential of the compounds were confirmed by their tyrosinase inhibitory effects. These results suggested that L. tetragonum may serve as a potential source of bioactive substances with effective anti-melanogenesis properties.
Highlights
Human skin has various defense mechanisms against environmental factors
The ability of L. tetragonum solvent-partitioned extracts (LTEs) to inhibit tyrosinase was tested on mushroom tyrosinase activity prior to DOPA oxidation, cellular tyrosinase activity and mechanism elucidation in B16-F10 cells
Despite the less significant inhibition compared to kojic acid, all tested samples except H2 O L. tetragonum extracts (LTEs) were found to possess potential to inhibit tyrosinase activity which lead to following anti-melanogenesis assays performed in in vitro model, B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells
Summary
Human skin has various defense mechanisms against environmental factors. Skin pigmentation through the production of melanin is one of the essential pathways for shielding skin tissue from radiation. Overproduction of melanin and accumulation thereof are suggested to cause various dermatological complications, including freckles, spots, and other hyperpigmentation-related disorders [1]. Skin pigmentation is predominantly affected by genetic background. Other non-genetic stimuli such as inflammation, hormonal changes, aging, and ultraviolet light are known to enhance skin pigmentation through regulation of melanin-related pathways. These non-genetic factors are reported to affect skin pigmentation by stimulating the expression of three
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