Abstract
We recently found that the dietary long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-ω-3 PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), showed enhanced antineoplastic activity against colon cancer cells if encapsulated in resveratrol-based solid lipid nanoparticles (RV-SLNs). In the present study, we investigated whether the DHA enclosed in RV-SLNs (DHA-RV-SLNs) could have the potential of attenuating irritation and inflammation caused by environmental factors at the skin level. To this aim, we used two keratinocyte lines (HaCaT and NCTC 2544 cells) and exposed them to the cytotoxic action of the surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as an in vitro model of irritation, or to the pro-inflammatory activity of the cytokine TNF-α. We found that DHA enclosed in RV-SLNs significantly enhanced its ability to contrast the cytotoxic effect of SDS and to inhibit the SDS- and TNF-α-induced production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and 1 MCP-1, in the two keratinocyte cell lines, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, it more efficiently reduced the upsurge of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels obtained in the presence of a pro-oxidant (H2O2). Overall, our findings suggest the possibility that a sustained dietary supplementation with DHA-RV-SLNs could efficiently protect skin from the pro-irritant and pro-inflammatory activity of environmental attacks.
Highlights
Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-ω-3 PUFAs) of marine origin are components of our diet showing multiple healthy effects, including powerful anti-inflammatory activities [1], as demonstrated in several pathological settings, including cardiovascular [2], neoplastic [3], and neurodegenerative [4] diseases
Since an increased dietary intake of LC-ω-3 PUFAs induces their enhanced accumulation in all the LC-ω-3 PUFAs induces their enhanced accumulation in all the cell membranes throughout the body, cell membranes throughout the body, including the skin district [47,48], our findings suggest that including the skin district [47,48], our findings suggest that high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could be obtained in high levels of DHA could be obtained in epidermal keratinocytes in vivo by a dietary epidermal keratinocytes in vivo by a dietary supplementation with the DHA-resveratrol-based solid lipid nanoparticles (RV-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs))
This, in turn, could represent an effective protection could represent an effective protection against environmental hazards. This hypothesis is supported against environmental hazards. This hypothesis is supported by our recent findings [16] obtained in by our recent findings [16] obtained in colon cancer cells cultured in vitro, where we demonstrated colon cancer cells cultured in vitro, where we demonstrated that DHA enclosed in the RV-SLNs thatresulted
Summary
Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-ω-3 PUFAs) of marine origin are components of our diet showing multiple healthy effects, including powerful anti-inflammatory activities [1], as demonstrated in several pathological settings, including cardiovascular [2], neoplastic [3], and neurodegenerative [4] diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of LC-ω-3 PUFA has been in part related to their capacity to displace the long-chain ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular membranes, inhibiting. The LC-ω-3 PUFA ability to inhibit the inflammatory response has been more directly associated to some of their metabolic derivatives (such as resolvins, maresins, or protectins) showing powerful anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities [7]. An inappropriate, excessive, or long-lasting inflammatory process may lead to detrimental effects and to the development of a series of inflammation-related human diseases, including autoimmune diseases [8], allergic reactions [9], and cancer [10]
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