Abstract
Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome due to anti-interferon (IFN)-γ autoantibodies has attracted much attention in recent years. It usually occurs in previously healthy people and usually presents as chronic, recurrent, and hard-to-control infections that can be effectively treated with aggressive antibiotic therapy. Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome is also referred to as AIDS-like syndrome. Anti-type I IFN (IFN-I) autoantibodies have been reported to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and preexisting anti-IFN-I autoantibodies are associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. This review summarizes the effects of anti-IFN autoantibodies on the susceptibility and severity of various infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we discuss the role of anti-IFN autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases that are characterized by recurrent infections.
Highlights
In recent years, life-threatening diseases caused by anti-cytokine autoantibodies have received widespread attention, especially those in previously healthy adults
Neutralizing anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies were discovered in patients with acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a respiratory disease in which surfactant protein accumulates in the lung [4, 5]
Patients with acquired PAP are vulnerable to typical respiratory pathogens as well as opportunistic infections caused by pathogens such as Nocardia [6], nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) [7], Histoplasma [8], and Cryptococcus [9]
Summary
Life-threatening diseases caused by anti-cytokine autoantibodies have received widespread attention, especially those in previously healthy adults. Interferons (IFNs) play a pivotal role in the immune system They form the first line of defense in humans in response to pathogen invasion, especially against viral infection [18, 19]. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak, it has been discovered in several studies that preexisting autoantibodies against type I IFNs (anti-IFN-I autoantibodies) are linked to the severity of COVID-19, which has aroused great interest in academic circles [24,25,26] Both AOID and COVID-19 are infectious diseases that usually lead to severe conditions in patients; the present study considers how anti-IFN autoantibodies are closely related to infection, severe infectious diseases. The role of anti-IFN autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases complicated with recurrent infection is discussed
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