Anti-Inflammatory Substances in Wheat Malt Inducing Antisecretory Factor

E Johansson,S Lange,M Oshalim,I Lönnroth

doi:10.1007/s11130-019-00767-1

Abstract

Extensively malted cereals counteract enterotoxic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel diseases. This effect depends on a protein called antisecretory factor (AF), which is secreted into the blood as a larger complex known as the compleasome. In this study, we identified anti-inflammatory substances in malt and assayed their capacity to induce AF. Guaiacol and quercetin inhibited inflammation in a mouse footpad model, while catechin, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin inhibited nitric oxide formation in RAW 264.7 cells. The proteasome activity in these cells was inhibited by vanillic acid and quercetin but not by the other tested phenols. As the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) might be involved in AF induction, the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine was tested and shown to inhibit inflammation in mouse paw and nitric oxide formation. Catechin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid induced AF in rat blood, and these substances were all increased in malt compared to control wheat. These phenols might therefore be of particular importance for the beneficial effect of malted cereals on inflammatory diseases. Our results further suggest that TRPV1 might play a role in the anti-inflammatory activity of phenols via the induction of AF.

Highlights

Wheat and other cereal grains contain both inflammatory substances such as agglutinins and anti-inflammatory substances such as antioxidants [1,2,3]
The anti-inflammatory capacity of wheat malt and various phenols was tested in mouse paw, an established animal model for inflammation [2, 16]
Sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin inhibited nitric oxide (NO) formation while guaiacol and vanillic acid did not

Summary

Introduction

Wheat and other cereal grains contain both inflammatory substances such as agglutinins and anti-inflammatory substances such as antioxidants [1,2,3]. Malting increases the levels of antiinflammatory substances in cereals by releasing these substances from larger complexes [4,5,6], and so intake of extensively malted oats and wheat can counteract enterotoxic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerous colitis and Crohn’s disease [7,8,9]. The active phytochemicals seem to be certain phenols which induce an antisecretory factor (AF) in the blood [10]. Malt and individual phenols were tested for inhibition of granulocyte-mediated edema in mouse footpad, decrease in lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO), and inhibition of proteasome activity. The concentrations of phenols in leachate of malt and control wheat and their capacity to induce AF in rat blood were determined

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