Abstract
Zanthoxylum rhetsa has been consumed in the diet in northern Thailand and also used as a medicament in ancient scripture for arthropathies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of various extracts from differential parts of Z. rhetsa via inhibition of inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, and PGE2) in RAW264.7 macrophages. The chemical composition in active extracts was also analyzed by GC/MS. The parts of this plant studied were whole fruits (F), pericarp (P), and seed (O). The methods of extraction included maceration in hexane, 95% ethanol and 50% ethanol, boiling in water, and water distillation. The results demonstrated that the hexane and 95% ethanolic extract from pericarp (PH and P95) and seed essential oil (SO) were the most active extracts. PH and P95 gave the highest inhibition of NO production with IC50 as 11.99 ± 1.66 μg/ml and 15.33 ± 1.05 μg/ml, respectively, and they also showed the highest anti-inflammatory effect on TNF-α with IC50 as 36.08 ± 0.55 μg/ml and 34.90 ± 2.58 μg/ml, respectively. PH and P95 also showed the highest inhibitory effect on PGE2 but less than SO with IC50 as 13.72 ± 0.81 μg/ml, 12.26 ± 0.71 μg/ml, and 8.61 ± 2.23 μg/ml, respectively. 2,3-Pinanediol was the major anti-inflammatory compound analyzed in PH (11.28%) and P95 (19.82%) while terpinen-4-ol constituted a major anti-inflammatory compound in SO at 35.13%. These findings are the first supportive data for ethnomedical use for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in acute (SO) and chronic (PH and P95) inflammation.
Highlights
IntroductionBiological, and chemical factors such as trauma, overuse, chemical, toxins, and pathogens can activate inflammatory response [1]
Pain is a common symptom and sign of inflammation and tissue damage [1,2,3]
Preparation of Extract. e percentage yields of extracts and essential oils are shown in Figure 1. e pericarp showed the highest yield of extraction by three methods such as 50% ethanol, oil part, and water extract (16.47%, 14.30%, and 13.37%, respectively). e seed showed the highest yield of extraction by hexane and 95% ethanol
Summary
Biological, and chemical factors such as trauma, overuse, chemical, toxins, and pathogens can activate inflammatory response [1]. E stimulus activates leukocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [1]. In a site of tissue injury, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in acute inflammation and causes vasodilation edema, acute pain, and fever [5]. TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine that is intertwined with PGE2 as it stimulates phospholipase A2 and releases eicosanoids from the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in arachidonic acid metabolism [5]. High levels of TNF-α can trigger fever and activate endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules resulting in leukocytes adherence and prolonged inflammation [6]
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