Abstract
BackgroundThe marine environment is a unique source of bioactive natural products, of which Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an important brown algae distributed in Jeju Island, Korea. S. muticum is a traditional Korean food stuff and has pharmacological functions including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the active ingredients from S. muticum have not been characterized.MethodsBioguided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of S. muticum, collected from Jeju island, led to the isolation of a norisoprenoid. Its structure was determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of action of this compound were examined using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through ELISA assays and Western blot analysis.ResultsApo-9′-fucoxanthinone, belonging to the norisoprenoid family were identified. Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone effectively suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. This compound also exerted their anti-inflammatory actions by down-regulating of NF-κB activation via suppression of IκB-α in macrophages.ConclusionsThis is the first report describing effective anti-inflammatory activity for apo-9’-fucoxanthinone′-fucoxanthnone isolated from S. muticum. Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone may be a good candidate for delaying the progression of human inflammatory diseases and warrants further studies.
Highlights
The marine environment is a unique source of bioactive natural products, of which Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an important brown algae distributed in Jeju Island, Korea
As a prelude to revealing the anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanisms of apo-9′-fucoxanthinone, the present study focused on whether apo-9′-fucoxanthinone inhibited the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages
We examined the effects of apo-9′-fucoxanthinone on PGE2 production in LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Summary
The marine environment is a unique source of bioactive natural products, of which Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an important brown algae distributed in Jeju Island, Korea. High levels of NO and PGE2 in a chronic inflammation state can result in various pathological conditions [1,2,3,4] For this reason, regulation of the production of NO and PGE2 in Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, a brown alga, is the most important economic seaweed, and widely distributed on the seashore of southern and eastern Korea. Regulation of the production of NO and PGE2 in Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, a brown alga, is the most important economic seaweed, and widely distributed on the seashore of southern and eastern Korea It is commonly consumed as a popular marine vegetable for more than 1000 years in Korea, in Jeju Island. As a prelude to revealing the anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanisms of apo-9′-fucoxanthinone, the present study focused on whether apo-9′-fucoxanthinone inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages
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