Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanism of 6,8-diprenyl-7,4′-dihydroxyflavanone (DDF), one of the flavanones found in Sophora tonkinensis, were assessed in vitro through macrophage-mediated inflammation in the present study. The anti-inflammatory effects of DDF were not previously reported. DDF inhibited the production of nitric oxide and the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages was suppressed by treatment with DDF. Therefore, DDF demonstrated potentially anti-inflammatory effects via the blockade of NF-κB and ERK activation in macrophages.
Highlights
Inflammation is a normal reaction to control foreign factors or injury and is associated with the tissue influx of large numbers of immune cells [1,2,3,4]
We examined the effect of DDF on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in macrophages
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that controls the gene expression of NF-κB subsequently promotes the transcription of a number of genes involved in inflammation, of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in both normal and abnormal states [18]
Summary
Inflammation is a normal reaction to control foreign factors or injury and is associated with the tissue influx of large numbers of immune cells [1,2,3,4]. Macrophages are long-lived tissue cell types with the capacity to produce a wide array of biological mediators involved in immune responses [5]. During the inflammation process, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) are known to be involved in producing inflammatory mediators in macrophages [8]. The activation of MAPKs phosphorylates and activates other kinases or transcription factors, thereby altering the expression of inflammatory genes [9].
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