Abstract
BackgroundLycnophora pinaster is used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammations. Anti-inflammatory activity of Lycnophora pinaster was investigated for extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of their aerial parts. The hexane extract (HE) provided α-amyrin, lupeol, mixture of α-amyrin and lupeol, mixture of 3-O-acetyl-lupeol and 3-O-acetyl-pseudotaraxasterol, and mixture of the steroids stigmasterol and sitosterol. The aqueous extract (WE) provided a fraction containing alkaloids (AF) and another one containing phenolic compounds (PF).MethodsThe crude hexane extract obtained from aerial parts of L. pinaster was submitted to chromatographic fractionation. The fractionation of PF was performed by preparative HPLC analysis, providing the flavonoid quercetin. The extracts, fractions, and compounds isolated from L. pinaster were tested to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity by experimental model of impact injury, followed by transdermal application of gels with these samples. The application of the gels was performed using phonophoresis in rat paws after induction of muscle injury. Histological analysis was based on scores assigned by the capacity of decreasing the lesion.ResultsHE and WE exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Some fractions, triterpenes, and steroids also reduced the inflammatory infiltrates caused by muscle injury. Lupeol promoted a significant reduction of inflammation. Quercetin also provided significant results, promoting the greatest decreases in muscle injury.ConclusionThe results of this work suggest that topical application of triterpenes, steroids and flavonoid significantly decreases the inflammatory process generated by muscle injury. The transdermal application using phonophoresis in rat paws of gel with lupeol and quercetin attenuates the inflammation.
Highlights
Lycnophora pinaster is used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammations
The fractionation of the phenolic fractions (PF) resulted in the isolation of quercetin (1)
The phytochemical study of the hexane extract obtained from the aerial parts of L. pinaster resulted in the isolation of α-amyrin (2), lupeol (3), mixture of 3-O-acetyllupeol (4) and 3-O-acetyl-pseudotaraxasterol (5), and mixture of stigmasterol (6) and sitosterol (7), see Figure 1 [6]
Summary
Lycnophora pinaster is used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammations. Anti-inflammatory activity of Lycnophora pinaster was investigated for extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of their aerial parts. The aqueous extract (WE) provided a fraction containing alkaloids (AF) and another one containing phenolic compounds (PF). Species of the genus Lychnophora (Asteraceae) are largely used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of various diseases, mainly Chagas and inflammatory diseases [1]. The present work describes the evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of hexane and aqueous extracts (HE and WE, respectively) obtained from the aerial parts of L. pinaster. A problem of systemic models involves the first-pass metabolism in the liver This metabolism is common in the case of orally administered drugs, promoting their degradation and reduction in bioavailability [8,9]. Anti-inflammatory assays for the plant material were performed in the present work by the method of transdermal application using phonophoresis in rats
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