Abstract
Abstract The effect of water extracts of doenjang (WED) on cyclooxygenase pathway and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was investigated. WED was fractionated by ultrafiltration into five individual groups of molecular weights. All of the WED fractions significantly inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, each of the WED fractions significantly decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (p<0.05). The fraction between 10 to 30 kDa of WED showed the highest inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, LPS-induced COX-2 expression and PEG2 production. These results suggest that WED fractions may have the anti-inflammatory effect via the stimulus of COX-2 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells.
Highlights
Inflammation plays a central role in various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and bronchitis (Heo et al, 2010; Lee et al, 2012b)
Distribution ratio of nitrogenous compounds in five fractions separated by their molecular weight range were 92.2 (WEDI), 3.0 (WEDII), 2.1 (WEDIII), 0.0 (WDEIV) and 2.6% (WEDV)
The results suggested that WEDII with approximately 9 amino acids and WEDV with approximately 86 amino acids might contribute to the antioxidant properties
Summary
Inflammation plays a central role in various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and bronchitis (Heo et al, 2010; Lee et al, 2012b). Macrophages act a major role in inflammation-related diseases and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such asinterleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inflammation mediators including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (Heo et al, 2010). Bioactive peptides usually contain short peptides (2-20 amino acid) derived from protein, but in some cases, they may consist of more than 20 amino acids (Yoshikawa et al, 2000; Kitts & Weiler, 2003). They are inert within the sequence of their parent protein and may be released by enzymatic proteolysis such as during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. Many of the well-known bioactive peptides are multifunctional and can apply more than one of the physiological effects mentioned (Korhonen & Pihlanto, 2003)
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