Abstract
Blueberry fruits have a wide range of health benefits because of their abundant anthocyanins, which are natural antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of blueberry’s two main anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-galactoside) on inflammatory response in endothelial cells. These two malvidin glycosides could inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced increases of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) production both in the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Mv-3-glc at the concentration of 1 μM could inhibit 35.9% increased MCP-1, 54.4% ICAM-1, and 44.7% VCAM-1 protein in supernatant, as well as 9.88% MCP-1 and 48.6% ICAM-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In addition, they could decrease IκBα degradation (Mv-3-glc, Mv-3-gal, and their mixture at the concentration of 50 μM had the inhibition rate of 84.8%, 75.3%, and 43.2%, respectively, p < 0.01) and block the nuclear translocation of p65, which suggested their anti-inflammation mechanism was mediated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In general malvidin-3-glucoside had better anti-inflammatory effect than malvidin-3-galactoside. These results indicated that blueberry is good resource of anti-inflammatory anthocyanins, which can be promising molecules for the development of nutraceuticals to prevent chronic inflammation in many diseases.
Highlights
We previously demonstrated the presence of nine anthocyanins in blueberry and found that malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glc) and malvidin-3-galactoside (Mv-3-gal) were the most abundant [15]
Mv-3-glc, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) protein expression increased from 0.023 μg/L to 0.519 μg/L, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) increased from 0.111 μg/L to 0.605 μg/L, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) increased from 0.021 μg/L to 0.314 μg/L
For Mv-3-gal, MCP-1 increased from 0.023 μg/L to 0.264 μg/L, ICAM-1 increased from 0.102 μg/L to 0.337 μg/L, and VCAM-1 increased from 0.013 μg/L to 0.124 μg/L
Summary
Due to their antioxidant capacity and nutritional quality fruits are an economical potential resource of functional foods and nutraceuticals, so they play an important role in human nutrition and health [1,2].Fruits possess diverse phenolic compounds (e.g., phenolic acids and polyphenols which include flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavanols, and catechins) and tannins), carotenoids, and vitamin C and E, which are well-known dietary antioxidants beneficial to the endogenous antioxidant defense strategies [3].These bioactive phytochemicals contribute the major health-promoting function of fruits [4,5].Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) has a wide range of bioactivities, such as super antioxidant ability, anti-diabetic capacity, anti-proliferative quality, anti-inflammatory effects, and protective effects protect against cancer and stroke [6,7]. Due to their antioxidant capacity and nutritional quality fruits are an economical potential resource of functional foods and nutraceuticals, so they play an important role in human nutrition and health [1,2]. Fruits possess diverse phenolic compounds (e.g., phenolic acids and polyphenols which include flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavanols, and catechins) and tannins), carotenoids, and vitamin C and E, which are well-known dietary antioxidants beneficial to the endogenous antioxidant defense strategies [3]. These bioactive phytochemicals contribute the major health-promoting function of fruits [4,5].
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