Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. We induced an inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effects of TUDCA on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs were analyzed using nitric oxide (NO) assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The pathological changes in lesions of the spinal cord tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining, luxol fast blue/cresyl violet-staining and immunofluorescent staining. TUDCA decreased the LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator, NO. It also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, TUDCA decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). After SCI, TUDCA supported the recovery of the injury site and suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS, CD68 and CD86. In addition, TUDCA induced the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine, Arg-1. In conclusion, TUDCA inhibits inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs. TUDCA can be a potential alternative drug for SCI.
Highlights
The inflammatory response is a physiological process against detrimental stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pathogens which arise due to physical damage[4]
The live/dead staining assay results for 24 h in the RAW 264.7 macrophage, microglial cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) (Fig. 1B,D,F) showed a trend similar to that in the results shown in Fig. 1A,C and E
The cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) results demonstrated that the inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglia cells, and BMMs were effectively inhibited in the 500 μM Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) group without cytotoxicity
Summary
The inflammatory response is a physiological process against detrimental stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pathogens which arise due to physical damage[4]. Macrophages and microglia play a critical role in the inflammatory responses through the production of various cytokines[5,6]. Studies of the inhibition of excessive inflammatory responses in SCI15–17, the anti-inflammatory medications can have serious side effects[18,19]. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the major component in the bile acids of the bear[21]. Other researchers have investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of TUDCA. The studies were only based on microglia cells, not macrophages and BMMs26,27. Researchers have not investigated whether TUDCA shows an anti-inflammatory effect in cases involving SCI. In this study, we aim to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of TUDCA using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs, and a rat SCI model
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
