Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of Hericium erinaceus extracts, including the fact that the active ingredient erinacine C (EC) can induce the synthesis of nerve growth factor. However, there is limited research on the use and mechanisms of action of EC in treating neuroinflammation. Hence, in this study, the inflammatory responses of human BV2 microglial cells induced by LPS were used to establish a model to assess the anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy of EC and to clarify its possible mechanisms of action. The results showed that EC was able to reduce the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins produced by LPS-induced BV2 cells, in addition to inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) proteins. Moreover, EC was found to inhibit the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) protein, and to enhance the nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanism of action of EC involves the inhibition of IκB, p-IκBα, and iNOS expressions and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Highlights
The occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is closely related to neuroinflammation [1,2,3]
Recent studies have shown that 4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic methyl ester and erincine A isolated from H. erinaceus enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth and protect neuronally-differentiated cells against deprivation of NGF in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells [21]. Another interesting study suggested that H. erinaceus may exert anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages by inhibiting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) signaling and improve adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity [18]
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α damage neurons and causereduced neurodegenerative. In this is found that in extracts from the mycelium of H. erinaceus, the nitric oxide (NO), IL-6,diseases and TNF-α produced by research, erinacine C (EC), which is found in extracts from the mycelium of erinaceus, reduced the NO, IL-6, and LPS-induced BV2 cells
Summary
The occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is closely related to neuroinflammation [1,2,3]. Recent studies have shown that 4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic methyl ester and erincine A isolated from H. erinaceus enhance NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and protect neuronally-differentiated cells against deprivation of NGF in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells [21] Another interesting study suggested that H. erinaceus may exert anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages by inhibiting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) signaling and improve adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity [18]. These health benefits are often linked to cyathane-type diterpenoids, such as erinacine compounds, often found in H. erinaceus [24,25,26,27].
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