Abstract
Inflammation is important in biomedical research, because it plays a key role in inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, allergies, asthma, and even cancer. In the present study, we describe the inhibitory effect of crude extracts and steroids isolated from the starfish Astropecten polyacanthus on pro-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Among those tested, compounds 5 and 7 showed potent inhibitory effects on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines with IC50 values ranging from 1.82 ± 0.11 to 7.00 ± 0.16 μM. Potent inhibitory activities were also observed for compound 1 on the production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 with values of 3.96 ± 0.12 and 4.07 ± 0.13 μM, respectively, and for compounds 3 and 4 on the production of IL-12 p40 with values of 6.55 ± 0.18 and 5.06 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 2 (IC50 = 34.86 ± 0.31 μM) and 6 (IC50 = 79.05 ± 2.05 μM) exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on the production of IL-12 p40, whereas compounds 3 (IC50 = 22.80 ± 0.21 μM) and 4 (IC50 = 16.73 ± 0.25 μM) moderately inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6, respectively.
Highlights
Inflammation is a complex set of interactions among soluble factors and cells that can occur in any tissue in response to traumatic, infectious, post-ischemic, toxic, or autoimmune injury
Among its many biological activities, IL-12 provides an obligatory signal for the differentiation of effector T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and the secretion of Th1 cytokines, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-2
IL-12 plays an important role in the generation of a Th1 response against human pathogens [23,24]
Summary
Inflammation is a complex set of interactions among soluble factors and cells that can occur in any tissue in response to traumatic, infectious, post-ischemic, toxic, or autoimmune injury. Various secondary metabolites including steroids, steroidal glycosides, anthraquinones, alkaloids, phospholipids, peptides, and fatty acids have been reported from starfish [11] They are a major source of marine products widely distributed in all oceans, and yield a large number of unique bioactive metabolites such as steroids and saponins. These compounds with unique structures are known to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory [12], immunomodulation, anti-allergy, anti-fungal, hemolytic [13], antimutagenic [14], neuritogenic [15], cytotoxic, and anti-viral [16] activities. A. polyacanthus on LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells
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