Abstract
Inflammation remains a complex process in host defense system and the pathology caused by it remains unsolved till date. Several steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in current use to treat inflammatory diseases elicit side effects in longer run. Hence, in order to counteract these outcomes, a pharmacognistic study using a Lamiaceae plant, Plectranthus amboinicus has been focused in the present study. P. amboinicus commonly known as Indian borage has been used in folk medicine for years in treating numerous diseases. It is well known for the presence of major phytochemical constituents which possess anti-inflammatory properties. Assessment of biochemical constituents and molecular mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory property of P. amboinicus leaves were carried out in in vivo and in vitro conditions. In vivo studies of formalin-induced nociception and paw edema in mice and for in vitro condition lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation using IC-21 macrophage cells were performed. Aqueous and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of P. amboinicus were analyzed for its phytochemical constituents. Variations in phytochemical components were noticed in GC-MS analysis. The carvacrol containing ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher anti-nociception in terms of lower paw licking time in the later phase of nociception and lowered hind paw edema volume up to 35%. The biochemical analysis revealed that the oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes have been modulated upon pretreatment with both extracts and also modulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, Interleukin-1β, histamine 1 receptor genes and nuclear factor kappa B protein. In addition, nitric oxide inhibitory effect was observed in P. amboinicus treated IC-21 macrophages. Therefore, the molecular mechanism put forth in this study provides insights that the presence of carvacrol in ethyl acetate extract enhances anti-inflammatory activity.
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