Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity Effects of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruits Vinegar in a Co-Culture System with RAW264.7 Macrophages and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Jun-Hui Choi,Se-Eun Park,Seung Kim,Soo-Hwan Yeo

doi:10.3390/foods9091232

Abstract

Vinegar has been found to have in vitro improvement effect on inflammatory biomarkers, and clinically used to improve inflammation and obesity-related diseases. This study was designed to analyze in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Cudrania tricuspidata fruits vinegar (CTFV) in a co-culture system with macrophages and adipocytes. We analyzed the physicochemical properties and polyphenolic ingredients of CTFV, and investigated in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of CTFV in a co-culture system with macrophages and adipocytes. The cells were cultured in the presence of CTFV for 24 h in contact with each other, then, harvested. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin (IL)-6 were evaluated by using the Griess reagent, western blot, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays. We found that increasing levels for NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 were caused by LPS treatment and co-culture using the contact method, whereas CTFV efficaciously attenuated inflammatory response by improving inflammatory parameters including NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1. The present study indicates that CTFV might provide a nutraceutical product or functional food resource for improving inflammation processed via the interaction of adipocytes and macrophages.

Highlights

Cudrania tricuspidata is commonly used as food ingredients and a medicinal plant, and its fruit is consumed fresh and dried or used in the preparation of fruit jams and alcoholic drinks
Adipose tissues release various adipokines involved in energy homeostasis that interact with macrophages and play a crucial role in the inflammatory response in adipose tissues
Recent studies have focused on new approaches to treat chronic inflammation, obesity, and diabetes by mitigating the inflammation induced by obesity and identifying the relationship between inflammation and adipokines [31,32,33]

Summary

Introduction

Cudrania tricuspidata is commonly used as food ingredients and a medicinal plant, and its fruit is consumed fresh and dried or used in the preparation of fruit jams and alcoholic drinks. This plant is mostly distributed in East Asia and its fruit is rich in bioactive substances, such as phenolic compounds, flavones, and isoflavonoids [1]. The adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ containing diverse cells, including macrophages, adipocytes, and immune and endothelial cells, that release adipokines such as adipose hormones and cytokines, and regulate the levels of adipokines under various conditions [6].

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Conclusion