Abstract
Functional roles of the angiotensin peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) cascade can be analyzed through their corresponding proteolytic regulatory enzymes aspartyl aminopeptidase (ASAP), aminopeptidase A (APA), aminopeptidase B (APB), aminopeptidase N (APN) and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). These enzyme activities generate active or inactive angiotensin peptides that alter the ratios between their bioactive forms, regulating several important processes such as the regulation of cardiovascular functions, body water regulation, normal memory consolidation and retrieval, but also cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis or the inflammatory response. We have previously described that the treatment with hydroxytyrosol but not with oleuropein or with the mixture of both compounds led to the significant inhibition of tumor growth in an in vivo glioma model by mechanisms not only related to redox balance. Using this glioma model, here we analyze the effects of the phenolic compounds oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in circulating RAS-regulating ASAP, APA, APN, APB and IRAP specific activities and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα to understand the relationship between the antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroxytyrosol, but not oleuropein, and the components of the RAS. We found that oleuropein increased all the activities analyzed and promoted a pro-inflammatory status, whereas hydroxytyrosol only modified ASAP and IRAP activities and promotes an anti-inflammatory status. When administrated together, oleuropein overrode the effects of hydroxytyrosol. Our results suggest a role for angiotensin III and angiotensin 1-7 in both tumor growth inhibition and anti-inflammatory response promoted by hydroxytyrosol.
Highlights
The inflammatory response plays a crucial role in neoplastic diseases and closely correlates with tumor progression and metastasis
We have previously described that angiotensin peptides are involved in tumor growth in the rat model of C6 gliomas implanted at the subcutaneous region, and that their role can be analyzed through their corresponding proteolytic regulatory enzymes [10]
The effects of the administration of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and a mixture of both compounds for fiveBiomedicines days on2018, tumor growth in our experimental glioma model are presented in Figure 1. 5The
Summary
The inflammatory response plays a crucial role in neoplastic diseases and closely correlates with tumor progression and metastasis. Neoplastic cells often over-express pro-inflammatory mediators, including proteases, eicosanoids, cytokines, and chemokines. Several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins (IL-6, IL-17, IL-12, IL-23, IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) have been linked with both experimental and human cancers [1,2]. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components are classically related to an increase in the inflammatory response by the induction of the expression of several cytokines, transcription factors and cell adhesion. In the RAS system, the first enzyme involved is the acid aspartate-protease renin [11], which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (AngI). This angiotensin is inactive, and is converted to active angiotensin II (AngII) by the dipeptidilcarboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-1) [12]
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