Abstract
The present study compared the phenolic profile, the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity, as well as the anti-inflammatory effect of fermented (LG) and unfermented (FG) whole wheat flour from Triticum aestivum on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-inflamed human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29). Gallic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and vanillic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD as the main polyphenols increased by fermentation. LG showed a higher antioxidant activity than FG in vitro and ex vivo. In inflamed HT-29 cells, LG exhibited a better protective effect on TNFα-induced alterations by significantly reducing the expression of IL-8 and COX-2 inflammatory mediators. Further, under inflammatory insult, LG has better normalized ROS overproduction and strengthened the antioxidant defense system. Finally, LG and FG significantly attenuated the TNFα-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation. Our results pointed out a potential therapeutical role of LG in hardly managed intestinal inflammatory disease.
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