Abstract
The valorization of food industry by-products as sources of bioactive compounds is at the forefront of research in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study focuses on bioactives of apple cider by-products (ACBPs) with putative cardio-protective properties. Total lipids (TLs) were extracted from ACBPs of apple varieties that are low (ACBP1), medium (ACBP2), and high (ACBP3) in tannins and were further separated into polar lipids (PLs) and neutral lipids (NLs). The functionality of these lipid extracts and of their HPLC-derived lipid fractions/PL subclasses were assessed in vitro against human platelet aggregation induced by the thrombotic and inflammatory platelet agonists platelet-activating factor (PAF) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The fatty acid profile of PLs and their most bioactive lipid fractions were evaluated by GC–MS analysis. The PL extracts exhibited higher specificity against the PAF-induced platelet aggregation compared to their anti-ADP effects, while TL and NL showed lower bioactivities in all ACBPs. HPLC analysis unveiled that the most bioactive PL from all ACBPs were those in PL fraction 3 containing phosphatidylcholines (PCs). PLs from all ACBPs and their PC bioactives were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and especially in the essential omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid (LA) and omega-3 (n-3) alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with favorably low values of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, thus providing a rationale for their higher anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Within this study, highly bioactive PL compounds with strong anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties were identified in ACBPs, which can be potentially utilized for producing cardio-protective functional foods and/or nutraceuticals.
Highlights
Thrombotic and inflammatory complications have been connected to numerous chronic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer [1,2]
The yields of extraction for the total lipids (TLs), neutral lipids (NLs), and polar lipids (PL) extracted from different apple cider by-products (ACBP) samples are displayed in Table 1 and are expressed as % percentage for each sample (g of lipids extracted per 100 g of sample)
To previous studies in apples and other food by-products [6,7], the Bligh and Dyer extraction process [18] in tandem with the Galanos and Kapoulas Counter Current Distribution technique [19] were chosen in the present study to extract and separate TL, NL, and PL extracts from the apple pomace for each ACBP
Summary
Thrombotic and inflammatory complications have been connected to numerous chronic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer [1,2]. The exploitation of the benefits of healthy dietary interventions and of food bioactives and functional foods from sustainable dietary sources that can prevent and protect against inflammatory processes and their related mediators involved in these pathologies has gained interest as an alternative approach due to the lack of any unwanted side-effects [1,2,3,4,5]. More importantly, bio-functional dietary polar lipids (PLs) found in such foods and beverages have shown a significant impact in preventing/reducing the effects of thrombotic and inflammatory pathways involved in the onset and development of chronic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [1,2,5,6]
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